The bin folder is where you will find all your startup scripts, such as standalone.sh and domain.sh. In addition to the startup scripts, you can find standalone.conf, which can be used to customize WildFly's bootstrap process.

As you saw earlier, the bin folder also includes the jboss-cli.sh script (jboss-cli.bin for Windows users), which starts the interactive CLI. You will also find various other useful scripts, such as add-user.sh and vault.sh. This folder also contains the web services utility scripts (wsconsume.sh and wsprovide.sh) used to generate the web services definition language and the corresponding Java interfaces.

There are several subfolders within the bin directory. The service folder and the init.d folder contain programs that allow you to install WildFly as service on Windows and Linux, respectively.

The docs folder contains two subfolders, examples and schema. The schema folder contains all the .xsd schema definition files used by the configuration as schema.

The examples folder contains numerous configuration examples, from a minimalistic standalone example to an ec2 HA example (HA meaning high availability, and ec2 referring to Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud).

The next folder is the domain folder, which contains the domain structure split across a set of folders:

If you are running the application server in standalone mode, this is the part of the filesystem you will be interested in. Its structure is quite similar to the domain folder with the notable exception of a deployment folder. Let's proceed with order. Just below the standalone folder, you will find the following set of subdirectories:

The content and use of these subdirectories is explained as follows:

The welcome-content folder contains the default page, which is loaded when you browse to the root of your application server (http://localhost:8080). In terms of web server configuration, this is the Web root context.

Beneath the modules folder, you will find the application server's set of libraries, which are a part of the server distribution.

Historically, JBoss AS releases used to manage their set of libraries in different ways. Let's recap to bring about some order. Earlier, Release 4.x was used to define the core server libraries into the JBOSS_HOME/server libraries. Thereafter, each server definition had its specific library in the server/<servername>/lib folder.

This approach was pretty simple, however, it led to a useless proliferation of libraries that were replicated in the default/all server distribution.

Releases 5.x and 6.x had the concept of the common/lib folder, which was the main repository for all modules that were common to all server definitions. Each server distribution still contained a server/<servername>/lib path for the libraries that were specific to that server definition. Unchanged from the earlier release was the repository for core server modules comprised by JBOSS_HOME/server.

JBoss AS 7 followed a more modular approach improving over all the earlier approaches. This modular approach remains unchanged in WildFly. The server bootstrap library, jboss-modules.jar, can be found in the root of the application server. This single archive is all you need to bootstrap WildFly's application server kernel.

The main system modules are located in the system/layers/base folder under the modules folder. This has changed slightly in WildFly as, in JBoss AS 7, all modules were defined directly in the modules folder.

The following table outlines the diverse approaches used across different server releases:

Listing all the modules will take up too much space, however, the module repository layout is often the same as the module name. For example, the org.jboss.as.ejb3 module can be found in the org/jboss/as/ejb3 subfolder of the modules folder. This approach to organizing the modules certainly makes sense, and if you are used to a maven repository layout structure, you will have no problem getting your head around it.

In the last section of this chapter, we will see how modules are actually loaded by the application server.

WildFly's kernel was redesigned in JBoss AS 7. Understanding the details of the modular kernel will help you understand concepts introduced later in the book. The kernel is based on two main projects, as follows:

The following diagram depicts the basic architecture of WildFly's server kernel:

With this information, we can now progress to the loading of server modules.

Learning more about JBoss modules is essential if you want to understand the server configuration discussed in the next few chapters. At its heart, a module is really just a wrapper for a JAR file but treated by the application container as a module. The reason for this is class loading and dependency management, as each module can be treated as a pluggable unit, as depicted by the next diagram. WildFly has two different types of modules; the only difference between them is the way they are packaged:

Have a look at the following screenshot:

Using a static module is the simplest way to load a module, and it's used as the default module when starting up the application server. Static modules are defined within the JBOSS_HOME/modules/system/layers/base directory. Each module has a configuration file called module.xml. The following example shows the contents of the javax.batch.api module.xml file:

<module xmlns="urn:jboss:module:1.3" name="javax.batch.api">
    <resources>
        <resource-root path="jboss-batch-api_1.0_spec-1.0.0.Final.jar"/>
    </resources>
    <dependencies>
        <module name="javax.api"/>
        <module name="javax.enterprise.api"/>
    </dependencies>    
</module>

As you can see, a module definition contains two main elements, the resources defined in the module (and their path) and the module's dependencies. In this example, the main resource is jboss-batch-api_1.0_spec-1.0.0.Final.jar, contained in the same folder as the module.xml file. It has dependencies on two other modules, javax.api and javax.enterprise.api.

A module which is defined with a main-class element is said to be executable. In other words, the module name can be listed on the command line, and the standard static main(String[]) method in the named module's main-class will be loaded and executed.

The other way to approach the module repository is by using dynamic modules. This can be achieved in two ways, as follows:

We will cover this in more detail in Chapter 6, Application Structure and Deployment, in which we explain class loading.