Book Image

Modern C++ Programming Cookbook

By : Marius Bancila
Book Image

Modern C++ Programming Cookbook

By: Marius Bancila

Overview of this book

C++ is one of the most widely used programming languages. Fast, efficient, and flexible, it is used to solve many problems. The latest versions of C++ have seen programmers change the way they code, giving up on the old-fashioned C-style programming and adopting modern C++ instead. Beginning with the modern language features, each recipe addresses a specific problem, with a discussion that explains the solution and offers insight into how it works. You will learn major concepts about the core programming language as well as common tasks faced while building a wide variety of software. You will learn about concepts such as concurrency, performance, meta-programming, lambda expressions, regular expressions, testing, and many more in the form of recipes. These recipes will ensure you can make your applications robust and fast. By the end of the book, you will understand the newer aspects of C++11/14/17 and will be able to overcome tasks that are time-consuming or would break your stride while developing.
Table of Contents (19 chapters)
Title Page
Credits
About the Author
About the Reviewer
www.PacktPub.com
Customer Feedback
Preface

Using range-based for loops to iterate on a range


Many programming languages support a variant of a for loop called for each, that is, repeating a group of statements over the elements of a collection. C++ did not have core language support for this until C++11. The closest feature was the general purpose algorithm from the standard library called std::for_each, that applies a function to all the elements in a range. C++11 brought language support for for each that is actually called range-based for loops. The new C++17 standard provides several improvements to the original language feature.

Getting ready

In C++11, a range-based for loop has the following general syntax:

    for ( range_declaration : range_expression ) loop_statement

To exemplify the various ways of using a range-based for loops, we will use the following functions that return sequences of elements:

    std::vector<int> getRates() 
    { 
      return std::vector<int> {1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13}; 
    } 

    std::multimap<int, bool> getRates2() 
    { 
      return std::multimap<int, bool> { 
        { 1, true }, 
        { 1, true }, 
        { 2, false }, 
        { 3, true }, 
        { 5, true }, 
        { 8, false }, 
        { 13, true } 
      }; 
    }

 

 

How to do it...

Range-based for loops can be used in various ways:

  • By committing to a specific type for the elements of the sequence:
        auto rates = getRates();
        for (int rate : rates) 
          std::cout << rate << std::endl; 
        for (int& rate : rates) 
          rate *= 2;
  • By not specifying a type and letting the compiler deduce it:
        for (auto&& rate : getRates()) 
          std::cout << rate << std::endl; 

        for (auto & rate : rates) 
          rate *= 2; 

        for (auto const & rate : rates) 
          std::cout << rate << std::endl;
  • By using structured bindings and decomposition declaration in C++17:
        for (auto&& [rate, flag] : getRates2()) 
          std::cout << rate << std::endl;

How it works...

The expression for the range-based for loops shown earlier in the How to do it... section is basically syntactic sugar as the compiler transforms it into something else. Before C++17, the code generated by the compiler used to be the following:

    { 
      auto && __range = range_expression; 
      for (auto __begin = begin_expr, __end = end_expr; 
      __begin != __end; ++__begin) { 
        range_declaration = *__begin; 
        loop_statement 
      } 
    }

What begin_expr and end_expr are in this code depends on the type of the range:

  • For C-like arrays, __range and __bound are the number of elements in the array.
  • For a class type with begin() and end() members (regardless of their type and accessibility): __range.begin() and __range.end().
  • For others it is begin(__range) and end(__range) that are determined via argument dependent lookup.

It is important to note that if a class contains any members (function, data member, or enumerators) called begin or end, regardless of their type and accessibility, they will be picked for begin_expr and end_expr. Therefore, such a class type cannot be used in range-based for loops.

In C++17, the code generated by the compiler is slightly different:

    { 
      auto && __range = range_expression; 
      auto __begin = begin_expr; 
      auto __end = end_expr; 
      for (; __begin != __end; ++__begin) { 
        range_declaration = *__begin; 
        loop_statement 
      } 
    }

The new standard has removed the constraint that the begin expression and end expression must have the same type. The end expression does not need to be an actual iterator, but it has to be able to be compared for inequality with an iterator. A benefit of this is that the range can be delimited by a predicate.

See also

  • Enabling range-based for loops for custom types