The Performance of Open Source Applications, which was edited by Travish Armstrong (available on http://aosabook.org, 2013), contains a chapter on optimizations that are used in the pugixml library. The Optimized C++ book by Kurt Guntheroth (2013) has a short chapter on the performance of std::iostream.
There are several good books on operating systems, but the most comprehensive when it comes to Windows is the book Windows Internals, Part 1: System architecture, processes, threads, memory management, and more by Pavel Yosifovich et al., Microsoft Press (seventh Edition, 2017). But be forewarned, it's quite a tome!
If you are interested in state-of-the-art algorithms and data structures that are used when reading data from disk and caching them in memory, you might read the recent paper Algorithms Behind Modern Storage Systems – Different uses for read...