During the execution of a program, an anomaly may occur. We refer to these runtime problems as exceptions, and they represent the response to an exceptional circumstance that arises outside of the normal functioning of a program. Designing code that's resilient to errors is one of the hardest things a programmer has to deal with.

Exceptions are generally thrown using the throw keyword when something that cannot be handled is encountered by the program. This is also referred to as raising an exception.

The try keyword is followed by a block containing statements that might throw one or more exceptions. These exceptions can be caught by one or more catch clauses, which are sequentially listed after the try block. The syntax for this is as follows:

try {
  statement1;
} catch (exception-declaration1) { 
  statement2; 
} catch (exception-declaration2) { 
  statement3; 
}
...

A catch block consists of the catch keyword, the exception declaration, and a block. Based on the exception thrown inside the try block, one catch clause is selected and the corresponding block is executed. Once the catch block has terminated, the program continues its execution with the statement following the last catch clause.

Let's examine the following example to understand how try-catch conditional statements handle exceptions:

#include <iostream> 
int main() 
{ 
  int x = 10; 
  try { 
    std::cout << "Inside try block" << std::endl;
    if (x > 0) // True
    { 
      throw x;// Following statement will be skipped
      std::cout << "After throw keyword" << std::endl;
    }
  } 
  catch (int x ) { 
    std::cout << "Inside catch block: Exception found" << std::endl;
  } 
  std::cout << "Outside try-catch block" << std::endl; 
}
Output:
Inside try block
Inside catch block: Exception found
Outside try-catch block