Oracle Database 12c Security Cookbook

Oracle Database 12c Security Cookbook

By : Zoran Pavlovic, Maja Veselica

Buy this Book

Oracle Database 12c Security Cookbook

By: Zoran Pavlovic, Maja Veselica

Buy this Book

Overview of this book

Businesses around the world are paying much greater attention toward database security than they ever have before. Not only does the current regulatory environment require tight security, particularly when dealing with sensitive and personal data, data is also arguably a company’s most valuable asset - why wouldn’t you want to protect it in a secure and reliable database? Oracle Database lets you do exactly that. It’s why it is one of the world’s leading databases – with a rich portfolio of features to protect data from contemporary vulnerabilities, it’s the go-to database for many organizations. Oracle Database 12c Security Cookbook helps DBAs, developers, and architects to better understand database security challenges. Let it guide you through the process of implementing appropriate security mechanisms, helping you to ensure you are taking proactive steps to keep your data safe. Featuring solutions for common security problems in the new Oracle Database 12c, with this book you can be confident about securing your database from a range of different threats and problems.

Oracle Database 12c Security Cookbook

Credits

About the Authors

About the Reviewers

www.PacktPub.com

Preface

Free Chapter

Basic Database Security

Introduction

Creating a password profile

Creating password-authenticated users

Changing a user's password

Creating a user with the same credentials on another database

Locking a user account

Expiring a user's password

Creating and using OS-authenticated users

Creating and using proxy users

Creating and using database roles

The sysbackup privilege – how, when, and why should you use it?

The syskm privilege – how, when, and why should you use it?

The sysdg privilege – how, when, and why should you use it?

Security Considerations in Multitenant Environment

Introduction

Creating a common user

Creating a local user

Creating a common role

Creating a local role

Granting privileges and roles commonly

Granting privileges and roles locally

Effects of plugging/unplugging operations on users, roles, and privileges

PL/SQL Security

Introduction

Creating and using definer's rights procedures

Creating and using invoker's right procedures

Using code-based access control

Restricting access to program units by using accessible by

Virtual Private Database

Introduction

Creating different policy functions

Creating Oracle Virtual Private Database row-level policies

Creating column-level policies

Creating a driving context

Creating policy groups

Setting context as a driving context

Adding policy to a group

Exempting users from VPD policies

Data Redaction

Introduction

Creating a redaction policy when using full redaction

Creating a redaction policy when using partial redaction

Creating a redaction policy when using random redaction

Creating a redaction policy when using regular expression redaction

Using Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control 12c to manage redaction policies

Changing the function parameters for a specified column

Add a column to the redaction policy

Enabling, disabling, and dropping redaction policy

Exempting users from data redaction policies

Transparent Sensitive Data Protection

Introduction

Creating a sensitive type

Determining sensitive columns

Creating transparent sensitive data protection policy

Associating transparent sensitive data protection policy with sensitive type

Enabling, disabling, and dropping policy

Altering transparent sensitive data protection policy

Privilege Analysis

Introduction

Creating database analysis policy

Creating role analysis policy

Creating context analysis policy

Creating combined analysis policy

Starting and stopping privilege analysis

Reporting on used system privileges

Reporting on used object privileges

Reporting on unused system privileges

Reporting on unused object privileges

How to revoke unused privileges

Dropping the analysis

Transparent Data Encryption

Introduction

Configuring keystore location in sqlnet.ora

Creating and opening the keystore

Setting master encryption key in software keystore

Column encryption - adding new encrypted column to table

Column encryption - creating new table that has encrypted column(s)

Using salt and MAC

Column encryption - encrypting existing column

Auto-login keystore

Encrypting tablespace

Rekeying

Backup and Recovery

Database Vault

Introduction

Registering Database Vault

Preventing users from exercising system privileges on schema objects

Securing roles

Preventing users from executing specific command on specific object

Creating a rule set

Creating a secure application role

Using Database Vault to implement that administrators cannot view data

Running Oracle Database Vault reports

Disabling Database Vault

Re-enabling Database Vault

Unified Auditing

Introduction

Enabling Unified Auditing mode

Configuring whether loss of audit data is acceptable

Which roles do you need to have to be able to create audit policies and to view audit data?

Auditing RMAN operations

Auditing Data Pump operations

Auditing Database Vault operations

Creating audit policies to audit privileges, actions and roles under specified conditions

Enabling audit policy

Finding information about audit policies and audited data

Auditing application contexts

Purging audit trail

Disabling and dropping audit policies

Additional Topics

Introduction

Exporting data using Oracle Data Pump in Oracle Database Vault environment

Creating factors in Oracle Database Vault

Using TDE in a multitenant environment

Appendix – Application Contexts

Introduction

Exploring and using built-in contexts

Creating an application context

Setting application context attributes

Using an application context

Customer Reviews

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Creating and using database roles

In this recipe, you'll learn the basics about database roles. Roles group together related system and/or object privileges and they can be granted to users and other roles. They simplify privilege management (for example, rather than granting the same set of privileges to many users, you can grant those privileges to a role and then grant that role to users that need those privileges).

Getting ready

For this recipe, you will need an existing (for example, OS-authenticated) user that has a dba role and another three existing users (for example, mike, tom, and jessica). It is assumed that sample schemas are installed.

How to do it...

Connect to the database as a user who has a dba role:
```
$ sqlplus /
```
Create the role usr_role:
```
SQL> create role usr_role;
```
Grant system privilege to usr_role:
```
SQL> grant create session to usr_role;
```

Grant object privileges to usr_role:

SQL> grant select, insert on hr.employees to usr_role;

Create another role as follows:
```
SQL> create role mgr_role;
```
Grant usr_role to mgr_role:
```
SQL> grant usr_role to mgr_role;
```
Grant system privileges to mgr_role:
```
SQL> grant create table to mgr_role;
```

Grant object privileges to mgr_role:

SQL> grant update, delete on hr.employees to mgr_role;

Grant usr_role to user (mike):
```
SQL> grant usr_role to mike;
```
Grant mgr_role to user (tom):
```
SQL> grant mgr_role to tom;
```

How it works...

In the first step, you used OS authentication to connect to the database. In steps 2 and 3, you granted system privileges and object privileges, respectively, to the role usr_role. In the next steps, you practiced using database roles; you granted the following:

A role to another role
System and object privileges to role
Roles to users

You revoke privileges and roles by using a revoke statement. For example:

SQL> revoke usr_role from mike;

Note

Circular granting of roles is not allowed.

SQL> grant role1 to role2;
Grant succeeded.

SQL> grant role2 to role1;
grant role2 to role1
*
ERROR at line 1: ORA-01934: circular role grant detected

There's more...

Tip

You should be careful about granting privileges to the PUBLIC role because then every database user can use these privileges.

Suppose that user mike grants object privilege to user jessica with a grant option and user jessica grants that privilege to user tom. If user mike revokes that privilege from jessica, it will be automatically revoked from tom.

Note

Revoking a system privilege will not cascade.

SQL> grant select on hr.employees to jessica with grant option;
Grant succeeded.

SQL> connect jessica
Enter password:
Connected.

SQL> grant select on hr.employees to tom;
Grant succeeded.

SQL> connect tom/oracle_123
Connected.

SQL> select count(*) from hr.employees;
COUNT(*)
----------
 107

SQL> connect mike/welcome1
Connected.

SQL> revoke select on hr.employees from jessica;
Revoke succeeded.

SQL> connect tom/oracle_123
Connected.

SQL> select count(*) from hr.employees;
select count(*) from hr.employees
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist

Note

You cannot revoke object privileges you didn't grant.

Oracle Database 12c Security Cookbook

By : Zoran Pavlovic, Maja Veselica

Oracle Database 12c Security Cookbook

By: Zoran Pavlovic, Maja Veselica

Overview of this book

Related Content you might be interested in

Current Title:

Oracle Database 12c Security Cookbook

Creating and using database roles

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

Note

There's more...

Tip

Note

Note

See also