In this chapter, we looked closely at writing pure functions: free of side effects. The bar is low here, since Python forces us to use the global statement to write impure functions. We looked at generator functions and how we can use these as the backbone of functional programming.

We also examined the built-in collection classes to show how they're used in the functional paradigm. While the general ideal behind functional programming is to limit the use of stateful variables, the collection objects are generally stateful and, for many algorithms, also essential. Our goal is to be judicious in our use of Python's nonfunctional features.

In the next two chapters, we'll look at higher-order functions: functions that accept functions as arguments as well as returning functions. We'll start with an exploration of the built-in higher-order functions. In later chapters, we'll look at techniques for defining our own higher-order functions. We'll also look at the itertools and functools modules...