I won't claim to give you a complete glossary of all testing-related terms and also I won't explain the subtle differences and interpretations that could be made for each of them. The idea of this section is simply to lay some common ground.
The glossary won't be in alphabetical order, but rather terms will be grouped by categories. Also, it must by no means be considered a complete glossary. There are a lot more terms and techniques that pertain to testing than what will be presented here, especially if you include all testing methods related to performance, security, and usability:
Unit testing: Tests conducted against each individual component separately. What is considered a unit varies-a function/method, a whole class, a whole module. Usually, dependency to other units is mocked to cleanly isolate each part.
Functional testing: Tests the software as a black box to ensure that it meets the specifications. External dependency is usually mocked.
Integration testing: Tests...