Visualforce pages exposing the SObject information (either via Standard, Custom, or Extension Controllers) can leverage built-in field-level security enforcements when using components or expressions that reference SObject fields directly; such usage will honor the user's field-level security. However, Visualforce expressions referencing SObject fields by way of a controller property are not affected, as the Visualforce engine cannot tell whether the controller property in turn refers to an SObject field.
Lightning does not currently offer components that are sensitive to object- and Field-Level security. You must, instead, inform the client side controller of the permissions via a Lightning server-side action that leverages Apex Describe for the information being accessed. The Lightning Data Service component, in Developer Preview at time of writing, does, however, support not only object and field security, but also sharing rules. Developer Preview status...