Think about a JavaScript 2D platform game. There are tons of different components interacting with each other on the screen, all at the same time. There's a component that indicates the number of lives remaining, another one that shows all the points scored, and another one counting down the time remaining to finish the current level. Each time your character jumps on an enemy, the points increase. When your scoring goes higher than a certain number of points, you get an extra life. When your character picks up a key, a door usually opens. But how do all these components interact with one another? What's the optimal architecture for this scenario?

There are probably two main options: the first one is to couple each component with the ones it's connected to. However, in the above example, that means a lot of components are coupled together, with each new addition requiring the developer to modify the code. But do you remember the Open Closed Principle (OCP)? Adding a new component...