Book Image

Mastering PostgreSQL 9.6

By : Hans-Jürgen Schönig
Book Image

Mastering PostgreSQL 9.6

By: Hans-Jürgen Schönig

Overview of this book

PostgreSQL is an open source database used for handling large datasets (Big Data) and as a JSON document database. It also has applications in the software and web domains. This book will enable you to build better PostgreSQL applications and administer databases more efficiently. We begin by explaining the advanced database design concepts in PostgreSQL 9.6, along with indexing and query optimization. You will also see how to work with event triggers and perform concurrent transactions and table partitioning, along with exploring SQL and server tuning. We will walk you through implementing advanced administrative tasks such as server maintenance and monitoring, replication, recovery and high availability, and much more. You will understand the common and not-so-common troubleshooting problems and how you can overcome them. By the end of this book, you will have an expert-level command of the advanced database functionalities and will be able to implement advanced administrative tasks with PostgreSQL.

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Table of Contents (14 chapters)
Preface
Preface
What this book covers
What you need for this book
Who this book is for
Conventions
Reader feedback
Customer support
Free Chapter
1
PostgreSQL Overview
PostgreSQL Overview
What is new in PostgreSQL 9.6?
Summary
2
Understanding Transactions and Locking
Understanding Transactions and Locking
Working with PostgreSQL transactions
Understanding basic locking
Making use of FOR SHARE and FOR UPDATE
Understanding transaction isolation levels
Observing deadlocks and similar issues
Utilizing advisory locks
Optimizing storage and managing cleanup
Summary
3
Making Use of Indexes
Making Use of Indexes
Understanding simple queries and the cost model
Improving speed using clustered tables
Understanding additional B-tree features
Introducing operator classes
Understanding PostgreSQL index types
Achieving better answers with fuzzy searching
Understanding full-text search - FTS
Summary
4
Handling Advanced SQL
Handling Advanced SQL
Introducing grouping sets
Making use of ordered sets
Understanding hypothetical aggregates
Utilizing windowing functions and analytics
Writing your own aggregates
Summary
5
Log Files and System Statistics
Log Files and System Statistics
Gathering runtime statistics
Creating log files
Summary
6
Optimizing Queries for Good Performance
Optimizing Queries for Good Performance
Learning what the optimizer does
Understanding execution plans
Understanding and fixing joins
Enabling and disabling optimizer settings
Partitioning data
Adjusting parameters for good query performance
Summary
7
Writing Stored Procedures
Writing Stored Procedures
Understanding stored procedure languages
Understanding various stored procedure languages
Improving stored procedure performance
Using stored procedures
Summary
8
Managing PostgreSQL Security
Managing PostgreSQL Security
Managing network security
Digging into row-level security - RLS
Inspecting permissions
Reassigning objects and dropping users
Summary
9
Handling Backup and Recovery
Handling Backup and Recovery
Performing simple dumps
Replaying backups
Handling global data
Summary
10
Making Sense of Backups and Replication
Making Sense of Backups and Replication
Understanding the transaction log
Transaction log archiving and recovery
Setting up asynchronous replication
Upgrading to synchronous replication
Making use of replication slots
Summary
11
Deciding on Useful Extensions
Deciding on Useful Extensions
Understanding how extensions work
Making use of contrib modules
Other useful extensions
Summary
12
Troubleshooting PostgreSQL
Troubleshooting PostgreSQL
Approaching an unknown database
Inspecting pg_stat_activity
Checking for slow queries
Inspecting the log
Checking for missing indexes
Checking for memory and I/O
Understanding noteworthy error scenarios
Summary
13
Migrating to PostgreSQL
Migrating to PostgreSQL
Migrating SQL statements to PostgreSQL
Moving from Oracle to PostgreSQL
Moving from MySQL or MariaDB to PostgreSQL
Summary

Understanding noteworthy error scenarios

After a basic guideline to hunt down the most common issues, this section will discuss some of the most common error scenarios happening in the PostgreSQL world.

Facing clog corruption

PostgreSQL has a thing called commit log, also called clog. It tracks the state of every transaction on the system and helps PostgreSQL determine whether a row can be seen or not. In general, a transaction can be in four states:

#define TRANSACTION_STATUS_IN_PROGRESS    0x00 
#define TRANSACTION_STATUS_COMMITTED      0x01 
#define TRANSACTION_STATUS_ABORTED        0x02 
#define TRANSACTION_STATUS_SUB_COMMITTED  0x03

The clog has a separate directory in the PostgreSQL database instance.

In the past, people have reported something called clog corruption...

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