In this example, we will work with two CSV files people.csv and links.csv, which are contained in the directory $SPARKHOME/data/. Let's type the following commands to load these files into Spark:

scala> val people = sc.textFile("./data/people.csv")
people: org.apache.spark.rdd.RDD[String] = ./data/people.csv MappedRDD[81] at textFile at <console>:33

scala> val links = sc.textFile("./data/links.csv")
links: org.apache.spark.rdd.RDD[String] = ./data/links.csv MappedRDD[83] at textFile at <console>:33

Loading the CSV files just gave us back two RDDs of strings. To create our graph, we need to parse these strings into two suitable collections of vertices and edges.

Before going further, let's introduce some key definitions and graph abstractions. In Spark, a graph is represented by a property graph, which is defined in the Graph class as:

class Graph[VD, ED] {
val vertices: VertexRDD[VD]
  val edges: EdgeRDD[ED,VD]
}

This means that the Graph class provides getters to access its vertices and its edges. These are later abstracted by the RDD subclasses VertexRDD[VD] and EdgeRDD[ED, VD]. Note that VD and ED here denote some Scala-type parameters of the classes VertexRDD, EdgeRDD, and Graph. These types of parameters can be primitive types, such as String, or also user-defined classes, such as the Person class, in our example of a social graph. It is important to note that the property graph in Spark is a directed multigraph. It means that the graph is permitted to have multiple edges between any pair of vertices. Moreover, each edge is directed and defines a unidirectional relationship. This is easy to grasp, for instance, in a Twitter graph where a user can follow another one but the converse does not need to be true. To model bidirectional links, such as a Facebook friendship, we need to define two edges between the nodes, and these edges should point in opposite directions. Additional properties about the relationship can be stored as an attribute of the edge.

Going back to our example, let's construct the graph in three steps, as follows:

There are two things to note about this constructor. I told you earlier that the member vertices and edges of the graph are instances of VertexRDD[VD] and EdgeRDD[ED,VD]. However, we passed RDD[(VertexId, Person)] and RDD[Edge[Connection]] into the above factory method Graph. How did that work? It worked because VertexRDD[VD] and EdgeRDD[ED,VD] are subclasses of RDD[(VertexId, Person)] and RDD[Edge[Connection]] respectively. In addition, VertexRDD[VD] adds the constraint that VertexID occurs only once. Basically, two people in our social network cannot have the same vertex ID. Furthermore, VertexRDD[VD] and EdgeRDD[ED,VD] provide several other operations to transform vertex and edge attributes. We will see more of these in later chapters.

Finally, we are going to look at the vertices and edges in the network by accessing and collecting them:

scala> tinySocial.vertices.collect()
res: Array[(org.apache.spark.graphx.VertexId, Person)] = Array((4,Person(Dave,25)), (6,Person(Faith,21)), (8,Person(Harvey,47)), (2,Person(Bob,18)), (1,Person(Alice,20)), (3,Person(Charlie,30)), (7,Person(George,34)), (9,Person(Ivy,21)), (5,Person(Eve,30)))
scala> tinySocial.edges.collect()
res: Array[org.apache.spark.graphx.Edge[Connection]] = Array(Edge(1,2,friend), Edge(1,3,sister), Edge(2,4,brother), Edge(3,2,boss), Edge(4,5,client), Edge(1,9,friend), Edge(6,7,cousin), Edge(7,9,coworker), Edge(8,9,father))

We used the edges and vertices getters in the Graph class and used the RDD action collect to put the result into a local collection.

Now, suppose we want to print only the professional connections that are listed in the following profLinks list:

val profLinks: List[Connection] = List("Coworker", "Boss", "Employee","Client", "Supplier")

A bad way to arrive at the desired result is to filter the edges corresponding to professional connections, then loop through the filtered edges, extract the corresponding vertices' names, and print the connections between the source and destination vertices. We can write that method in the following code:

val profNetwork = 
tinySocial.edges.filter{ case Edge(_,_,link) => profLinks.contains(link)}
for {
  Edge(src, dst, link) <- profNetwork.collect() 
  srcName = (peopleRDD.filter{case (id, person) => id == src} first)._2.name
  dstName = (peopleRDD.filter{case (id, person) => id == dst} first)._2.name
} println(srcName + " is a " + link + " of " + dstName)

Charlie is a boss of Bob
Dave is a client of Eve
George is a coworker of Ivy

There are two problems with the preceding code. First, it could be more concise and expressive. Second, it is not efficient due to the filtering operations inside the for loop.

Luckily, there is a better alternative. The GraphX library provides two different ways to view data: either as a graph or as tables of edges, vertices, and triplets. For each view, the library offers a rich set operations whose implementations are optimized for execution. That means that we can often process a graph using a predefined graph operation or algorithm, easily. For instance, we could simplify the previous code and make it more efficient, as follows:

tinySocial.subgraph(profLinks contains _.attr).
     triplets.foreach(t => println(t.srcAttr.name + " is a " + t.attr + " of " + t.dstAttr.name))
  Charlie is a boss of Bob
  Dave is a client of Eve
  George is a coworker of Ivy

We simply used the subgraph operation to filter the professional links. Then, we used the triplet view to access the attributes of the edges and vertices simultaneously. In brief, the triplet operator returns an RDD of EdgeTriplet[Person, Connection]. Note that EdgeTriplet is simply an alias for the parameterized type of 3-tuple ((VertexId, Person), (VertexId, Person), Connection) that contains all the information about the source node, the destination node, and the edge property.

Satisfied with our experiment in the shell, let's now write our first Spark program. Open your favorite text editor and create a new file named simpleGraph.scala and put it in the folder $SPARKHOME/exercises/chap1. A template for a Spark program looks like the following code:

import org.apache.spark.SparkContext
import org.apache.spark.SparkContext._
import org.apache.spark.SparkConf
import org.apache.spark.rdd.RDD
import org.apache.spark.graphx._
object SimpleGraphApp {
  def main(args: Array[String]){

    // Configure the program 
    val conf = new SparkConf()
          .setAppName("Tiny Social")
          .setMaster("local")
          .set("spark.driver.memory", "2G")
    val sc = new SparkContext(conf)

    // Load some data into RDDs
    val people = sc.textFile("./data/people.csv")
    val links = sc.textFile("./data/links.csv")
 
    // After that, we use the Spark API as in the shell
    // ...
  }
}

You can also see the entire code of our SimpleGraph.scala file in the example files, which you can download from the Packt website.

Let's go over this code to understand what is required to create and configure a Spark standalone program in Scala.

As a Scala program, our Spark application should be constructed within a top-level Scala object, which must have a main function that has the signature: def main(args: Array[String]): Unit. In other words, the main program accepts an array of strings as a parameter and returns nothing. In our example, the top-level object is SimpleGraphApp.

At the beginning of simpleGraph.scala, we have put the following import statements:

import org.apache.spark.SparkContext
import org.apache.spark.SparkContext._
import org.apache.spark.SparkConf

The first two lines import the SparkContext class as well as some implicit conversions defined in its companion object. It is not very important to know what the implicit conversions are. Just make sure you import both SparkContext and SparContext._

The third line imports SparkConf, which is a wrapper class that contains the configuration settings of a Spark application, such as its application name, the memory size of each executor, and the address of the master or cluster manager.

Next, we have imported some RDD and GraphX-specific class constructors and operators with these lines:

import org.apache.spark.rdd.RDD
import org.apache.spark.graphx._

The underscore after org.apache.spark.graphx makes sure that all public APIs in GraphX get imported.

Within main, we had to first configure the Spark program. To do this, we created an object called SparkConf and set the application settings through a chain of setter methods on the SparkConf object. SparkConf provides specific setters for some common properties, such as the application name or master. Alternatively, a generic set method can be used to set multiple properties together by passing them as a sequence of key-value pairs. The most common configuration parameters are listed in the following table with their default values and usage. The extensive list can be found at https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/configuration.html:

In our example, we initialized the program as follows:

val conf = new SparkConf()
      .setAppName("Tiny Social")
      .setMaster("local")
      .set("spark.driver.memory", "2G")
val sc = new SparkContext(conf)

Precisely, we set the name of our application to "Tiny Social" and the master to be the local machine on which we submit the application. In addition, the driver memory is set to 2 GB. Should we have set the master to be a cluster instead of local, we can specify the memory per executor by setting spark.executor.memory instead of spark.driver.memory.

It is not mandatory to set the Spark application settings in the SparkConf object inside your program. Alternatively, when submitting our application, we could set these parameters as command-line options of the spark-submit tool. We will cover that part in detail in the following sections. In this case, we will just create our SparkContext object as:

val sc = new SparkContext(new SparkConf())

After configuring the program, the next task is to load the data that we want to process by calling utility methods such as sc.textFile on the SparkContext object sc:

val people = sc.textFile("./data/people.csv")
val links = sc.textFile("./data/links.csv")

Finally, the rest of the program consists of the same operations on RDDs and graphs that we have used in the shell.

After writing our entire program, we are going to build it using the Scala Build Tool (SBT). If you do not have SBT installed on your computer yet, you need to install it first. Detailed instructions on how to install SBT are available at http://www.scala-sbt.org/0.13/tutorial/index.html for most operating systems. While there are different ways to install SBT, I recommend using a package manager instead of the manual installation. After the installation, execute the following command to append the SBT installation folder to the PATH environment variable:

$ export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/bin/sbtl

Once we have SBT properly installed, we can use it to build our application with all its dependencies inside a single JAR package file, also called uber jar. In fact, when running a Spark application on several worker machines, an error will occur if some machines do not have the right dependency JAR.

By packaging an uber jar with SBT, the application code and its dependencies are all distributed to the workers. Concretely, we need to create a build definition file in which we set the project settings. Moreover, we must specify the dependencies and the resolvers that help SBT find the packages that are needed by our program. A resolver indicates the name and location of the repository that has the required JAR file. Let's create a file called build.sbt in the project root folder $SPARKHOME/exercises/chap1 and insert the following lines:

name := "Simple Project"

version := "1.0"

scalaVersion := "2.10.4"

libraryDependencies ++= Seq(
  "org.apache.spark" %% "spark-core" % "1.4.1",
  "org.apache.spark" %% "spark-graphx" % "1.4.1"
)

resolvers += "Akka Repository" at "http://repo.akka.io/releases/"

By convention, the settings are defined by Scala expressions and they need to be delimited by blank lines. Earlier, we set the project name, its version number, the version of Scala, as well as the Spark library dependencies. To build the program, we then enter the command:

$ sbt package

This will create a JAR file inside $SPARKHOME/exercises/chap1/target/scala-2.10/simple-project_2.10-1.0.jar.

Finally, we are going to invoke the spark-submit script in $SPARKHOME/bin/ to run the program from the root directory $SPARKHOME/exercises/chap1 in the terminal:

$ ../../bin/spark-submit --class \ 
"SimpleGraphApp" \       
./target/scala-2.10/simple-project_2.10-1.0.jar 
Spark assembly has been built with Hive, including Datanucleus jars on classpath
Charlie is a boss of Bob
Dave is a client of Eve
George is a coworker of Ivy

The required options for the spark-submit command are the Scala application object name and the JAR file that we previously built with SBT. In case we did not set the master setting when creating the SparkConf object, we also would have to specify the --master option in spark-submit.

spark-submit --help