Time series is one of the most common ways to find data in the real world. A time series is defined as the changes of a variable through time. Time Series Analysis (TSA) is widely used in economics, finance, weather, and epidemiology. If we look at one TSA, we may see different kinds of patterns and discover outliers easily. Working with time series needs to define some basic concepts of trend, seasonality, and noise.

In the following graph, we can see the time series for gold price in the US since July 2010 from http://www.gold.org/investment/statistics/gold_price_chart/.

Typically, the easiest way to explore a time series is with a line chart. With the help of the direct appreciation of the time series visualization, we can find anomalies and complex behavior in the data:

We have two kinds of time series: linear and nonlinear. In the following graph, we can see an example of each one. Plotting time series data is very similar to scatterplot or line chart,...