Data at the current state can be defined in the following four dimensions (four Vs).
Data architecture principles
Volume
The volume of data is an important measure needed to design a big data system. This is an important factor that decides the investment an Enterprise has to make to cater to the present and future storage requirements.
Different types of data in an enterprise need different capacities to store, archive, and process. Petabyte storage systems are a very common in the industry today, which was almost impossible to reach a few decades ago.
Velocity
This is another dimension of the data that decides the mobility of data. There exist varieties of data within organizations that fall under the following categories:
- Streaming data:
- Real-time/near-real-time data
- Data at rest:
- Immutable data
- Mutable data
This dimension has some impact on the network architecture that Enterprise uses to consume and process data.
Variety
This dimension talks about the form and shape of the data. We can further classify this into the following categories:
- Streaming data:
- On-wire data format (for example, JSON, MPEG, and Avro)
- Data At Rest:
- Immutable data (for example, media files and customer invoices)
- Mutable data (for example, customer details, product inventory, and employee data)
- Application data:
- Configuration files, secrets, passwords, and so on
As an organization, it's very important to embrace very few technologies to reduce the variety of data. Having many different types of data poses a very big challenge to an Enterprise in terms of managing and consuming it all.
Veracity
This dimension talks about the accuracy of the data. Without having a solid understanding of the guarantee that each system within an Enterprise provides to keep the data safe, available, and reliable, it becomes very difficult to understand the Analytics generated out of this data and to further generate insights.
Necessary auditing should be in place to make sure that the data that flows through the system passes all the quality checks and finally goes through the big data system.
Let's see how a typical big data system looks:
As you can see, many different types of applications are interacting with the big data system to store, process, and generate analytics.