This recipe will introduce Selenium and PhantomJS, two frameworks that are very different from the frameworks in the previous recipes. In fact, Selenium and PhantomJS are often used in functional/acceptance testing. We want to demonstrate these tools as they offer unique benefits from the scraping perspective. Several that we will look at later in the book are the ability to fill out forms, press buttons, and wait for dynamic JavaScript to be downloaded and executed.

Selenium itself is a programming language neutral framework. It offers a number of programming language bindings, such as Python, Java, C#, and PHP (amongst others). The framework also provides many components that focus on testing. Three commonly used components are:

• IDE for recording and replaying tests
• Webdriver, which actually launches a web browser (such as Firefox, Chrome, or Internet Explorer) by sending commands and sending the results to the selected browser
• A grid server executes tests with a web browser on a remote server. It can run multiple test cases in parallel.

First we need to install Selenium. We do this with our trusty pip:

~ $ pip install selenium
Collecting selenium
 Downloading selenium-3.8.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (942kB)
 100% |████████████████████████████████| 952kB 236kB/s
Installing collected packages: selenium
Successfully installed selenium-3.8.1

This installs the Selenium Client Driver for Python (the language bindings). You can find more information on it at https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/blob/master/py/docs/source/index.rst if you want to in the future.

For this recipe we also need to have the driver for Firefox in the directory (it's named geckodriver). This file is operating system specific. I've included the file for Mac in the folder. To get other versions, visit https://github.com/mozilla/geckodriver/releases.

Still, when running this sample you may get the following error:

FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'geckodriver'

If you do, put the geckodriver file somewhere on your systems PATH, or add the 01 folder to your path. Oh, and you will need to have Firefox installed.

Finally, it is required to have PhantomJS installed. You can download and find installation instructions at: http://phantomjs.org/

The script for this recipe is 01/04_events_with_selenium.py.

1. The following is the code:

from selenium import webdriver

def get_upcoming_events(url):
    driver = webdriver.Firefox()
    driver.get(url)

    events = driver.find_elements_by_xpath('//ul[contains(@class, "list-recent-events")]/li')

    for event in events:
        event_details = dict()
        event_details['name'] = event.find_element_by_xpath('h3[@class="event-title"]/a').text
        event_details['location'] = event.find_element_by_xpath('p/span[@class="event-location"]').text
        event_details['time'] = event.find_element_by_xpath('p/time').text
        print(event_details)

    driver.close()

get_upcoming_events('https://www.python.org/events/python-events/')

2. And run the script with Python. You will see familiar output:

~ $ python 04_events_with_selenium.py
{'name': 'PyCascades 2018', 'location': 'Granville Island Stage, 1585 Johnston St, Vancouver, BC V6H 3R9, Canada', 'time': '22 Jan. – 24 Jan.'}
{'name': 'PyCon Cameroon 2018', 'location': 'Limbe, Cameroon', 'time': '24 Jan. – 29 Jan.'}
{'name': 'FOSDEM 2018', 'location': 'ULB Campus du Solbosch, Av. F. D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium', 'time': '03 Feb. – 05 Feb.'}
{'name': 'PyCon Pune 2018', 'location': 'Pune, India', 'time': '08 Feb. – 12 Feb.'}
{'name': 'PyCon Colombia 2018', 'location': 'Medellin, Colombia', 'time': '09 Feb. – 12 Feb.'}
{'name': 'PyTennessee 2018', 'location': 'Nashville, TN, USA', 'time': '10 Feb. – 12 Feb.'}

During this process, Firefox will pop up and open the page. We have reused the previous recipe and adopted Selenium.

The primary difference in this recipe is the following code:

driver = webdriver.Firefox()
driver.get(url)

This gets the Firefox driver and uses it to get the content of the specified URL. This works by starting Firefox and automating it to go the the page, and then Firefox returns the page content to our app. This is why Firefox popped up. The other difference is that to find things we need to call find_element_by_xpath to search the resulting HTML.

PhantomJS, in many ways, is very similar to Selenium. It has fast and native support for various web standards, with features such as DOM handling, CSS selector, JSON, Canvas, and SVG. It is often used in web testing, page automation, screen capturing, and network monitoring.

There is one key difference between Selenium and PhantomJS: PhantomJS is headless and uses WebKit. As we saw, Selenium opens and automates a browser. This is not very good if we are in a continuous integration or testing environment where the browser is not installed, and where we also don't want thousands of browser windows or tabs being opened. Being headless, makes this faster and more efficient.

The example for PhantomJS is in the 01/05_events_with_phantomjs.py file. There is a single one line change:

driver = webdriver.PhantomJS('phantomjs')

And running the script results in similar output to the Selenium / Firefox example, but without a browser popping up and also it takes less time to complete.