This section briefly introduces the different optimization algorithms that can be applied to minimize the loss function, with or without a penalty term. These algorithms are described in more detail in the Summary of optimization techniques section in the Appendix A, Basic Concepts.

First, let's define the least squares problem. The minimization of the loss function consists of nullifying the first order derivatives, which in turn generates a system of D equations (also known as the gradient equations), D being the number of regression weights (parameters). The weights are iteratively computed by solving the system of equations using a numerical optimization algorithm.

Note

M10: The definition of the least squares-based loss function for residual r_i, weights w, a model f, input data x_i, and expected values y_i is as follows:

M10: The generation of gradient equations with a Jacobian J matrix (refer to the Mathematics section in the Appendix A, Basic Concepts) after minimization...