Although IPython comes with a wide variety of magic commands, there are cases where we need to implement custom functionality in new magic commands. In this recipe, we will show how to create line and magic cells, and how to integrate them in an IPython extension.
Let's import a few functions from the IPython magic system:
>>> from IPython.core.magic import (register_line_magic, register_cell_magic)Defining a new line magic is particularly simple. First, we create a function that accepts the contents of the line (except the initial
%-prefixed name). The name of this function is the name of the magic. Then, we decorate this function with@register_line_magic:>>> @register_line_magic def hello(line): if line == 'french': print("Salut tout le monde!") else: print("Hello world!") >>> %hello Hello world! >>> %hello French Salut tout le monde!Let's create a slightly more useful
%%csvcell magic that parses a CSV string and returns a pandas DataFrame object. This time, the arguments of the function are the command's options and the contents of the cell:>>> import pandas as pd from io import StringIO @register_cell_magic def csv(line, cell): # We create a string buffer containing the # contents of the cell. sio = StringIO(cell) # We use Pandas' read_csv function to parse # the CSV string. return pd.read_csv(sio) >>> %%csv col1,col2,col3 0,1,2 3,4,5 7,8,9
We can access the returned object with
_:>>> df = _ df.describe()
The method we described is useful in an interactive session. If we want to use the same magic in multiple notebooks or if we want to distribute it, then we need to create an IPython extension that implements our custom magic command. The first step is to create a Python script (
csvmagic.pyhere) that implements the magic. We also need to define a special functionload_ipython_extension(ipython):>>> %%writefile csvmagic.py import pandas as pd from io import StringIO def csv(line, cell): sio = StringIO(cell) return pd.read_csv(sio) def load_ipython_extension(ipython): """This function is called when the extension is loaded. It accepts an IPython InteractiveShell instance. We can register the magic with the `register_magic_function` method of the shell instance.""" ipython.register_magic_function(csv, 'cell') Writing csvmagic.pyOnce the extension module is created, we need to import it into the IPython session. We can do this with the
%load_extmagic command. Here, loading our extension immediately registers our%%csvmagic function in the interactive shell:>>> %load_ext csvmagic >>> %%csv col1,col2,col3 0,1,2 3,4,5 7,8,9
An IPython extension is a Python module that implements the top-level load_ipython_extension(ipython) function. When the %load_ext magic command is called, the module is loaded and the load_ipython_extension(ipython) function is called. This function is passed the current InteractiveShell instance as an argument. This object implements several methods we can use to interact with the current IPython session.
An interactive IPython session is represented by a (singleton) instance of the InteractiveShell class. This object handles the history, interactive namespace, and most features available in the session.
Within an interactive shell, we can get the current InteractiveShell instance with the get_ipython() function.
The list of all methods of InteractiveShell can be found in the reference API (see the reference at the end of this recipe). The following are the most important attributes and methods:
user_ns: The user namespace (a dictionary).push(): Push (or inject) Python variables in the interactive namespace.ev(): Evaluate a Python expression in the user namespace.ex(): Execute a Python statement in the user namespace.run_cell(): Run a cell (given as a string), possibly containing IPython magic commands.safe_execfile(): Safely execute a Python script.system(): Execute a system command.write(): Write a string to the default output.write_err(): Write a string to the default error output.register_magic_function(): Register a standalone function as an IPython magic function. We used this method in this recipe.
The Python extension module needs to be importable when using %load_ext. Here, our module is in the current directory. In other situations, it has to be in the Python path. It can also be stored in ~/.ipython/extensions, which is automatically put in the Python path.
To ensure that our magic is automatically defined in our IPython profile, we can instruct IPython to load our extension automatically when a new interactive shell is launched. To do this, we have to open the ~/.ipython/profile_default/ipython_config.py file and put 'csvmagic' in the c.InteractiveShellApp.extensions list. The csvmagic module needs to be importable. It is common to create a Python package that implements an IPython extension, which itself defines custom magic commands.
Many third-party extensions and magic commands exist, for example the %%cython magic that allows one to write Cython code directly in a notebook.
Documentation of IPython's extension system available at http://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/config/extensions/index.html
Defining new magic commands explained at http://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/config/custommagics.html
Index of IPython extensions at https://github.com/ipython/ipython/wiki/Extensions-Index
API reference of
InteractiveShellavailable at http://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api/generated/IPython.core.in