Book Image

Learning R Programming

By : Kun Ren
Book Image

Learning R Programming

By: Kun Ren

Overview of this book

R is a high-level functional language and one of the must-know tools for data science and statistics. Powerful but complex, R can be challenging for beginners and those unfamiliar with its unique behaviors. Learning R Programming is the solution - an easy and practical way to learn R and develop a broad and consistent understanding of the language. Through hands-on examples you'll discover powerful R tools, and R best practices that will give you a deeper understanding of working with data. You'll get to grips with R's data structures and data processing techniques, as well as the most popular R packages to boost your productivity from the offset. Start with the basics of R, then dive deep into the programming techniques and paradigms to make your R code excel. Advance quickly to a deeper understanding of R's behavior as you learn common tasks including data analysis, databases, web scraping, high performance computing, and writing documents. By the end of the book, you'll be a confident R programmer adept at solving problems with the right techniques.
Table of Contents (21 chapters)
Learning R Programming
Credits
About the Author
About the Reviewer
www.PacktPub.com
Preface

Using logical functions


A logical vector only takes TRUE or FALSE and is mostly used to filter data. In practice, it is common to create joint conditions by multiple logical vectors where a number of logical operators and functions may involve.

Logical operators

Like many other programming languages, R enables a few operators to do basic logical calculations. The following table demonstrates what they do:

Symbol

Description

Example

Result

&

Vectorized AND

c(T, T) & c(T, F)

c(TRUE, FALSE)

|

Vectorized OR

c(T, T) | c(T, F)

c(TRUE, TRUE)

&&

Univariate AND

c(T, T) && c(F, T)

FALSE

||

Univariate OR

c(T, T) || c(F, T)

TRUE

!

Vectorized NOT

!c(T, F)

c(FALSE, TRUE)

%in%

Vectorized IN

c(1, 2) %in% c(1, 3, 4, 5)

c(TRUE, FALSE)

Note that in an if expression, && and || are often used to perform logical calculations that are only needed to yield a single-element logical vector. However, the potential risk of using && is that if it is made...