Book Image

Statistics for Machine Learning

By : Pratap Dangeti
Book Image

Statistics for Machine Learning

By: Pratap Dangeti

Overview of this book

Complex statistics in machine learning worry a lot of developers. Knowing statistics helps you build strong machine learning models that are optimized for a given problem statement. This book will teach you all it takes to perform the complex statistical computations that are required for machine learning. You will gain information on the statistics behind supervised learning, unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning, and more. You will see real-world examples that discuss the statistical side of machine learning and familiarize yourself with it. You will come across programs for performing tasks such as modeling, parameter fitting, regression, classification, density collection, working with vectors, matrices, and more. By the end of the book, you will have mastered the statistics required for machine learning and will be able to apply your new skills to any sort of industry problem.

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Table of Contents (16 chapters)
Title Page
Title Page
Credits
Credits
About the Author
About the Author
About the Reviewer
About the Reviewer
www.PacktPub.com
www.PacktPub.com
Customer Feedback
Customer Feedback
Preface
Preface
Free Chapter
1
Journey from Statistics to Machine Learning
Journey from Statistics to Machine Learning
Statistical terminology for model building and validation
Machine learning terminology for model building and validation
Machine learning model overview
Summary
2
Parallelism of Statistics and Machine Learning
Parallelism of Statistics and Machine Learning
Comparison between regression and machine learning models
Compensating factors in machine learning models
Machine learning models - ridge and lasso regression
Summary
3
Logistic Regression Versus Random Forest
Logistic Regression Versus Random Forest
Maximum likelihood estimation
Logistic regression – introduction and advantages
Random forest
Variable importance plot
Comparison of logistic regression with random forest
Summary
4
Tree-Based Machine Learning Models
Tree-Based Machine Learning Models
Introducing decision tree classifiers
Comparison between logistic regression and decision trees
Comparison of error components across various styles of models
Remedial actions to push the model towards the ideal region
HR attrition data example
Decision tree classifier
Tuning class weights in decision tree classifier
Bagging classifier
Random forest classifier
Random forest classifier - grid search
AdaBoost classifier
Gradient boosting classifier
Comparison between AdaBoosting versus gradient boosting
Extreme gradient boosting - XGBoost classifier
Ensemble of ensembles - model stacking
Ensemble of ensembles with different types of classifiers
Ensemble of ensembles with bootstrap samples using a single type of classifier
Summary
5
K-Nearest Neighbors and Naive Bayes
K-Nearest Neighbors and Naive Bayes
K-nearest neighbors
KNN classifier with breast cancer Wisconsin data example
Tuning of k-value in KNN classifier
Naive Bayes
Probability fundamentals
Understanding Bayes theorem with conditional probability
Naive Bayes classification
Laplace estimator
Naive Bayes SMS spam classification example
Summary
6
Support Vector Machines and Neural Networks
Support Vector Machines and Neural Networks
Support vector machines working principles
Kernel functions
SVM multilabel classifier with letter recognition data example
Artificial neural networks - ANN
Activation functions
Forward propagation and backpropagation
Optimization of neural networks
Dropout in neural networks
ANN classifier applied on handwritten digits using scikit-learn
Introduction to deep learning
Summary
7
Recommendation Engines
Recommendation Engines
Content-based filtering
Collaborative filtering
Evaluation of recommendation engine model
8
Unsupervised Learning
Unsupervised Learning
K-means clustering
Principal component analysis - PCA
Singular value decomposition - SVD
Deep auto encoders
Model building technique using encoder-decoder architecture
Deep auto encoders applied on handwritten digits using Keras
Summary
9
Reinforcement Learning
Reinforcement Learning
Introduction to reinforcement learning
Comparing supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning in detail
Characteristics of reinforcement learning
Reinforcement learning basics
Markov decision processes and Bellman equations
Dynamic programming
Grid world example using value and policy iteration algorithms with basic Python
Monte Carlo methods
Temporal difference learning
SARSA on-policy TD control
Q-learning - off-policy TD control
Cliff walking example of on-policy and off-policy of TD control
Applications of reinforcement learning with integration of machine learning and deep learning
Further reading
Summary

HR attrition data example

In this section, we will be using IBM Watson's HR Attrition data (the data has been utilized in the book after taking prior permission from the data administrator) shared in Kaggle datasets under open source license agreement https://www.kaggle.com/pavansubhasht/ibm-hr-analytics-attrition-dataset to predict whether employees would attrite or not based on independent explanatory variables:

>>> import pandas as pd 
>>> hrattr_data = pd.read_csv("WA_Fn-UseC_-HR-Employee-Attrition.csv") 
 
>>> print (hrattr_data.head())

There are about 1470 observations and 35 variables in this data, the top five rows are shown here for a quick glance of the variables:

The following code is used to convert Yes or No categories into 1 and 0 for modeling purposes, as scikit-learn does not fit the model on character/categorical variables directly, hence dummy coding is required to be performed for utilizing the variables in models:

>>> hrattr_data['Attrition_ind...
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