Ceph Monitors (MON): Ceph monitors track the health of the entire cluster by keeping a map of the cluster state. It maintains a separate map of information for each component, which includes an OSD map, MON map, PG map (discussed in later chapters), and CRUSH map. All the cluster nodes report to Monitor nodes and share information about every change in their state. The monitor does not store actual data; this is the job of the OSD.

Ceph Object Storage Device (OSD): As soon as your application issues a writes operation to the Ceph cluster, data gets stored in the OSD in the form of objects. This is the only component of the Ceph cluster where actual user data is stored, and the same data is retrieved when the client issues a read operation. Usually, one OSD daemon is tied to one physical disk in your cluster. So, in general, the total number of physical disks in your Ceph cluster is the same as the number of OSD daemons working underneath to store user data on each physical disk.

Ceph Metadata Server (MDS): The MDS keeps track of file hierarchy and stores metadata only for the CephFS filesystem. The Ceph block device and RADOS gateway does not require metadata, hence they do not need the Ceph MDS daemon. The MDS does not serve data directly to clients, thus removing the single point of failure from the system.

RADOS: The Reliable Autonomic Distributed Object Store (RADOS) is the foundation of the Ceph storage cluster. Everything in Ceph is stored in the form of objects, and the RADOS object store is responsible for storing these objects irrespective of their data types. The RADOS layer makes sure that data always remains consistent. To do this, it performs data replication, failure detection and recovery, as well as data migration and rebalancing across cluster nodes.

librados: The librados library is a convenient way to gain access to RADOS with support to the PHP, Ruby, Java, Python, C, and C++ programming languages. It provides a native interface for the Ceph storage cluster (RADOS), as well as a base for other services such as RBD, RGW, and CephFS, which are built on top of librados. Librados also supports direct access to RADOS from applications with no HTTP overhead.

RADOS Block Devices (RBDs): RBDs which are now known as the Ceph block device, provides persistent block storage, which is thin-provisioned, resizable, and stores data striped over multiple OSDs. The RBD service has been built as a native interface on top of librados.

RADOS Gateway interface (RGW): RGW provides object storage service. It uses librgw (the Rados Gateway Library) and librados, allowing applications to establish connections with the Ceph object storage. The RGW provides RESTful APIs with interfaces that are compatible with Amazon S3 and OpenStack Swift.

CephFS: The Ceph File system provides a POSIX-compliant file system that uses the Ceph storage cluster to store user data on a filesystem. Like RBD and RGW, the CephFS service is also implemented as a native interface to librados.