Especially regarding Azure CLI, PowerShell, and ARM, the Azure documentation contains so much valuable information, with many examples. And everything I wrote in the Further reading section of the Chapter 2, Getting Started with the Azure Cloud is important in this chapter as well.
Another resource of Microsoft that provides are their blogs. If you visit https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/wriju/category/azure/ you'll find many interesting postings about automation, including more detailed examples.
Michael S Collier provides on his blog at https://michaelcollier.wordpress.com a lot of information regarding Azure, almost every posting includes scripting and automation possibilities.
There are not many recent books about Vagrant. I really enjoined the Infrastructure as Code (IAC) Cookbook from Stephane Jourdan and Pierre Pomes, published already one year ago...