Access controls identify the resources an individual user may access, modify, create, or remove. Access controls allow or restrict access to system assets and resources. In larger organizations, the criteria to assign permissions may come from different identification factors, such as a group, a role, a location, a time, day or date, or a transaction type, or the application in use.
Access controls can apply to hardware and software. Filesystem ACLs specify rights and permissions. Each file or object has an ACE that defines its permissions for its owner, group, and other users. Each level may have read, write, and execute permissions. Access control for devices is done through administrator passwords, the application of patches and upgrades, disabling unused features, limiting access, and by isolating devices.
Encryption applies a cryptographic algorithm to a data or file...