In this chapter, we discussed the fact that an IPv4 address is 32 bits divided into four octets in a dot-decimal format. An octet may hold values from 0 to 255.
We discussed how IPv4 addressing has address classes A, B, C, D, and E. Private addresses are for LANs. Each IPv4 address class has a standard subnet mask to identify its network ID: class A—eight bits; class B—16 bits, and class C—24 bits. NAT devices mask private addresses with public addresses, whereas PAT applies a port number to a private address.
Next, we covered how collisions occur when nodes attempt to transmit simultaneously. The impact of broadcast messages reduces on smaller networks. CSMA/CD detects collisions, and staggers the retransmissions of colliding nodes. Wireless networks use CSMA/CA to avoid collisions. Common broadcasts are startup and address resolution. CIDR denotes...