Book Image

Cloud Native with Kubernetes

By : Alexander Raul
Book Image

Cloud Native with Kubernetes

By: Alexander Raul

Overview of this book

Kubernetes is a modern cloud native container orchestration tool and one of the most popular open source projects worldwide. In addition to the technology being powerful and highly flexible, Kubernetes engineers are in high demand across the industry. This book is a comprehensive guide to deploying, securing, and operating modern cloud native applications on Kubernetes. From the fundamentals to Kubernetes best practices, the book covers essential aspects of configuring applications. You’ll even explore real-world techniques for running clusters in production, tips for setting up observability for cluster resources, and valuable troubleshooting techniques. Finally, you’ll learn how to extend and customize Kubernetes, as well as gaining tips for deploying service meshes, serverless tooling, and more on your cluster. By the end of this Kubernetes book, you’ll be equipped with the tools you need to confidently run and extend modern applications on Kubernetes.

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Table of Contents (22 chapters)
Preface
Preface
Who this book is for
What this book covers
To get the most out of this book
Download the example code files
Download the color images
Conventions used
Get in touch
Reviews
1
Section 1: Setting Up Kubernetes
Section 1: Setting Up Kubernetes
Free Chapter
2
Chapter 1: Communicating with Kubernetes
Chapter 1: Communicating with Kubernetes
Technical requirements
Introducing container orchestration
Kubernetes' architecture
Authentication and authorization on Kubernetes
Using kubectl and YAML
Summary
Questions
Further reading
3
Chapter 2: Setting Up Your Kubernetes Cluster
Chapter 2: Setting Up Your Kubernetes Cluster
Technical requirements
Options for creating a cluster
minikube – an easy way to start
Managed Kubernetes services
AWS – Elastic Kubernetes Service
Google Cloud – Google Kubernetes Engine
Microsoft Azure – Azure Kubernetes Service
Programmatic cluster creation tools
Creating a cluster with Kubeadm
Creating a cluster with Kops
Creating a cluster completely from scratch
Summary
Questions
Further reading
4
Chapter 3: Running Application Containers on Kubernetes
Chapter 3: Running Application Containers on Kubernetes
Technical requirements
What is a Pod?
Implementing Pods
Summary
Questions
Further reading
5
Section 2: Configuring and Deploying Applications on Kubernetes
Section 2: Configuring and Deploying Applications on Kubernetes
6
Chapter 4: Scaling and Deploying Your Application
Chapter 4: Scaling and Deploying Your Application
Technical requirements
Understanding Pod drawbacks and their solutions
Using ReplicaSets
Controlling Deployments
Harnessing the Horizontal Pod Autoscaler
Implementing DaemonSets
Understanding StatefulSets
Using Jobs
Putting it all together
Summary
Questions
Further reading
7
Chapter 5: Services and Ingress – Communicating with the Outside World
Chapter 5: Services and Ingress – Communicating with the Outside World
Technical requirement
Understanding Services and cluster DNS
Implementing ClusterIP
Using NodePort
Setting up a LoadBalancer Service
Creating an ExternalName Service
Configuring Ingress
Summary
Questions
Further reading
8
Chapter 6: Kubernetes Application Configuration
Chapter 6: Kubernetes Application Configuration
Technical requirements
Configuring containerized applications using best practices
Implementing ConfigMaps
Using Secrets
Summary
Questions
Further reading
9
Chapter 7: Storage on Kubernetes
Chapter 7: Storage on Kubernetes
Technical requirements
Understanding the difference between volumes and persistent volumes
Volumes
Persistent volumes
Persistent volumes without cloud storage
Summary
Questions
Further reading
10
Chapter 8: Pod Placement Controls
Chapter 8: Pod Placement Controls
Technical requirements
Identifying use cases for Pod placement
Using node selectors and node name
Implementing taints and tolerations
Controlling Pods with node affinity
Using inter-Pod affinity and anti-affinity
Summary
Questions
Further reading
11
Section 3: Running Kubernetes in Production
Section 3: Running Kubernetes in Production
12
Chapter 9: Observability on Kubernetes
Chapter 9: Observability on Kubernetes
Technical requirements
Understanding observability on Kubernetes
Using default observability tooling
Enhancing Kubernetes observability using the best of the ecosystem
Summary
Questions
Further reading
13
Chapter 10: Troubleshooting Kubernetes
Chapter 10: Troubleshooting Kubernetes
Technical requirements
Understanding failure modes for distributed applications
Troubleshooting Kubernetes clusters
Troubleshooting applications on Kubernetes
Summary
Questions
Further reading
14
Chapter 11: Template Code Generation and CI/CD on Kubernetes
Chapter 11: Template Code Generation and CI/CD on Kubernetes
Technical requirements
Understanding options for template code generation on Kubernetes
Implementing templates on Kubernetes with Helm and Kustomize
Understanding CI/CD paradigms on Kubernetes – in-cluster and out-of-cluster
Implementing in-cluster and out-of-cluster CI/CD with Kubernetes
Summary
Questions
Further reading
15
Chapter 12: Kubernetes Security and Compliance
Chapter 12: Kubernetes Security and Compliance
Technical requirements
Understanding security on Kubernetes
Reviewing CVEs and security audits for Kubernetes
Implementing tools for cluster configuration and container security
Handling intrusion detection, runtime security, and compliance on Kubernetes
Summary
Questions
Further reading
16
Section 4: Extending Kubernetes
Section 4: Extending Kubernetes
17
Chapter 13: Extending Kubernetes with CRDs
Chapter 13: Extending Kubernetes with CRDs
Technical requirements
How to extend Kubernetes with custom resource definitions
Self-managing functionality with Kubernetes operators
Using cloud-specific Kubernetes extensions
Integrating with the ecosystem
Summary
Questions
Further reading
18
Chapter 14: Service Meshes and Serverless
Chapter 14: Service Meshes and Serverless
Technical requirements
Using sidecar proxies
Adding a service mesh to Kubernetes
Implementing serverless on Kubernetes
Summary
Questions
Further reading
19
Chapter 15: Stateful Workloads on Kubernetes
Chapter 15: Stateful Workloads on Kubernetes
Technical requirements
Understanding stateful applications on Kubernetes
Deploying object storage on Kubernetes
Running DBs on Kubernetes
Implementing messaging and queues on Kubernetes
Summary
Questions
Further reading
20
Assessments
Chapter 1 – Communicating with Kubernetes
Chapter 2 – Setting Up Your Kubernetes Cluster
Chapter 3 – Running Application Containers on Kubernetes
Chapter 4 – Scaling and Deploying Your Application
Chapter 5 – Services and Ingress – Communicating with the Outside World
Chapter 6 – Kubernetes Application Configuration
Chapter 7 – Storage on Kubernetes
Chapter 8 – Pod Placement Controls
Chapter 9 – Observability on Kubernetes
Chapter 10 – Troubleshooting Kubernetes
Chapter 11 – Template Code Generation and CI/CD on Kubernetes
Chapter 12 – Kubernetes Security and Compliance
Chapter 13 – Extending Kubernetes with CRDs
Chapter 14 – Service Meshes and Serverless
Chapter 15 – Stateful Workloads on Kubernetes
21
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Using Jobs

The purpose of the Job resource in Kubernetes is to run tasks that can complete, which makes them not ideal for long-running applications, but great for batch jobs or similar tasks that can benefit from parallelism.

Here's what a Job spec YAML looks like:

job-1.yaml

apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: Job
metadata:
  name: runner
spec:
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: run-job
        image: node:lts-jessie
        command: ["node", "job.js"]
      restartPolicy: Never
  backoffLimit: 4

This Job will start a single Pod, and run a command, node job.js, until it completes, at which point the Pod will shut down. In this and the future examples, we assume that the container image used has a file, job.js, that runs...

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