In the 1960s, when computers became a more cost-effective option for businesses, people started to use databases to manage data. Later on, in the 1970s, relational databases became more popular to business needs since they connected physical data to the logical business easily and closely. In the next decade, around the 1980s, Structured Query Language (SQL) became the standard query language for databases. The effectiveness and simplicity of SQL motivated lots of people to use databases and brought databases closer to a wide range of users and developers. Soon, it was observed that people used databases for data application and management and this continued for a long period of time.

Once plenty of data was collected, people started to think about how to deal with the old data. Then, the term data warehousing came up in the 1990s. From that time onwards, people started to discuss how to evaluate the current performance by reviewing the historical data. Various data models and tools were created at that time for helping enterprises to effectively manage, transform, and analyze the historical data. Traditional relational databases also evolved to provide more advanced aggregation and analyzed functions as well as optimizations for data warehousing. The leading query language was still SQL, but it was more intuitive and powerful as compared to the previous versions. The data was still well structured and the model was normalized. As we entered the 2000s, the Internet gradually became the topmost industry for the creation of the majority of data in terms of variety and volume. Newer technologies, such as social media analytics, web mining, and data visualizations, helped lots of businesses and companies deal with massive amounts of data for a better understanding of their customers, products, competition, as well as markets. The data volume grew and the data format changed faster than ever before, which forced people to search for new solutions, especially from the academic and open source areas. As a result, big data became a hot topic and a challenging field for many researchers and companies.

However, in every challenge there lies great opportunity. Hadoop was one of the open source projects earning wide attention due to its open source license and active communities. This was one of the few times that an open source project led to the changes in technology trends before any commercial software products. Soon after, the NoSQL database and real-time and stream computing, as followers, quickly became important components for big data ecosystems. Armed with these big data technologies, companies were able to review the past, evaluate the current, and also predict the future. Around the 2010s, time to market became the key factor for making business competitive and successful. When it comes to big data analysis, people could not wait to see the reports or results. A short delay could make a great difference when making important business decisions. Decision makers wanted to see the reports or results immediately within a few hours, minutes, or even possibly seconds in a few cases. Real-time analytical tools, such as Impala (http://www.cloudera.com/content/cloudera/en/products-and-services/cdh/impala.html), Presto (http://prestodb.io/), Storm (https://storm.apache.org/), and so on, make this possible in different ways.