Machine learning has undoubtedly been applied to problems across every discipline. Although the basic techniques are similar across all domains, some are so specialized that communities are formed to develop solutions to the challenges unique to the field. This leads to the discovery of new techniques and new terminology that is relevant only to domain specific problems.

This section covers a pair of domains that use machine learning techniques extensively, but require specialized knowledge to unlock their full potential. Since entire books have been written on these topics, it will serve only as the briefest of introductions. For more details, seek out the help provided by the resources cited in each section.