Book Image

Clojure for Data Science

By : Garner
Book Image

Clojure for Data Science

By: Garner

Overview of this book

The term “data science” has been widely used to define this new profession that is expected to interpret vast datasets and translate them to improved decision-making and performance. Clojure is a powerful language that combines the interactivity of a scripting language with the speed of a compiled language. Together with its rich ecosystem of native libraries and an extremely simple and consistent functional approach to data manipulation, which maps closely to mathematical formula, it is an ideal, practical, and flexible language to meet a data scientist’s diverse needs. Taking you on a journey from simple summary statistics to sophisticated machine learning algorithms, this book shows how the Clojure programming language can be used to derive insights from data. Data scientists often forge a novel path, and you’ll see how to make use of Clojure’s Java interoperability capabilities to access libraries such as Mahout and Mllib for which Clojure wrappers don’t yet exist. Even seasoned Clojure developers will develop a deeper appreciation for their language’s flexibility! You’ll learn how to apply statistical thinking to your own data and use Clojure to explore, analyze, and visualize it in a technically and statistically robust way. You can also use Incanter for local data processing and ClojureScript to present interactive visualisations and understand how distributed platforms such as Hadoop sand Spark’s MapReduce and GraphX’s BSP solve the challenges of data analysis at scale, and how to explain algorithms using those programming models. Above all, by following the explanations in this book, you’ll learn not just how to be effective using the current state-of-the-art methods in data science, but why such methods work so that you can continue to be productive as the field evolves into the future.
Table of Contents (12 chapters)
11
Index

Standard error


While the standard deviation measures the amount of variation there is within a sample, the standard error measures the amount of variation there is between the means of samples taken from the same population.

Note

The standard error is the standard deviation of the distribution of the sample means.

We have calculated the standard error of dwell time empirically by looking at the previous 6 months of data. But there is an equation that allows us to calculate it from only a single sample:

Here, σx is the standard deviation and n is the sample size. This is unlike the descriptive statistics that we studied in the previous chapter. While they described a single sample, the standard error attempts to describe a property of samples in general—the amount of variation in the sample means that variations can be expected for samples of a given size:

(defn standard-deviation [xs]
  (Math/sqrt (variance xs)))

(defn standard-error [xs]
  (/ (standard-deviation xs)
     (Math/sqrt (count xs...