Book Image

Clojure for Data Science

By : Garner
Book Image

Clojure for Data Science

By: Garner

Overview of this book

The term “data science” has been widely used to define this new profession that is expected to interpret vast datasets and translate them to improved decision-making and performance. Clojure is a powerful language that combines the interactivity of a scripting language with the speed of a compiled language. Together with its rich ecosystem of native libraries and an extremely simple and consistent functional approach to data manipulation, which maps closely to mathematical formula, it is an ideal, practical, and flexible language to meet a data scientist’s diverse needs. Taking you on a journey from simple summary statistics to sophisticated machine learning algorithms, this book shows how the Clojure programming language can be used to derive insights from data. Data scientists often forge a novel path, and you’ll see how to make use of Clojure’s Java interoperability capabilities to access libraries such as Mahout and Mllib for which Clojure wrappers don’t yet exist. Even seasoned Clojure developers will develop a deeper appreciation for their language’s flexibility! You’ll learn how to apply statistical thinking to your own data and use Clojure to explore, analyze, and visualize it in a technically and statistically robust way. You can also use Incanter for local data processing and ClojureScript to present interactive visualisations and understand how distributed platforms such as Hadoop sand Spark’s MapReduce and GraphX’s BSP solve the challenges of data analysis at scale, and how to explain algorithms using those programming models. Above all, by following the explanations in this book, you’ll learn not just how to be effective using the current state-of-the-art methods in data science, but why such methods work so that you can continue to be productive as the field evolves into the future.
Table of Contents (12 chapters)
11
Index

Hypothesis testing


In the previous chapter, we introduced hypothesis testing as a means to quantify the probability that a given hypothesis (such as that the two samples were from a single population) is true. We will use the same process to quantify the probability that a correlation exists in the wider population based on our sample.

First, we must formulate two hypotheses, a null hypothesis and an alternate hypothesis:

H0 is the hypothesis that the population correlation is zero. In other words, our conservative view is that the measured correlation is purely due to chance sampling error.

H1 is the alternative possibility that the population correlation is not zero. Notice that we don't specify the direction of the correlation, only that there is one. This means we are performing a two-tailed test.

The standard error of the sample r is given by:

This formula is only accurate when is close to zero (recall that the magnitude of r influences our confidence), but fortunately, this is exactly...