Book Image

Learning Spark SQL

By : Aurobindo Sarkar
Book Image

Learning Spark SQL

By: Aurobindo Sarkar

Overview of this book

In the past year, Apache Spark has been increasingly adopted for the development of distributed applications. Spark SQL APIs provide an optimized interface that helps developers build such applications quickly and easily. However, designing web-scale production applications using Spark SQL APIs can be a complex task. Hence, understanding the design and implementation best practices before you start your project will help you avoid these problems. This book gives an insight into the engineering practices used to design and build real-world, Spark-based applications. The book's hands-on examples will give you the required confidence to work on any future projects you encounter in Spark SQL. It starts by familiarizing you with data exploration and data munging tasks using Spark SQL and Scala. Extensive code examples will help you understand the methods used to implement typical use-cases for various types of applications. You will get a walkthrough of the key concepts and terms that are common to streaming, machine learning, and graph applications. You will also learn key performance-tuning details including Cost Based Optimization (Spark 2.2) in Spark SQL applications. Finally, you will move on to learning how such systems are architected and deployed for a successful delivery of your project.
Table of Contents (19 chapters)
Title Page
Credits
About the Author
About the Reviewer
www.PacktPub.com
Customer Feedback
Preface

Introducing autoencoders


An autoencoder neural network is an unsupervised learning algorithm that sets the target values to be equal to the input values. Hence, the autoencoder attempts to an approximation of an identity function.

Learning an identity function does not seem to be a worthwhile exercise; however, by placing constraints on the network, such as limiting the number of hidden units, we can discover interesting structures about the data. The key components of an autoencoder are depicted in this figure:

The original input, the compressed representation, and the output layers for an autoencoder are also illustrated in the following figure. More specifically, this figure represents a situation where, for example, an input image has pixel-intensity values from a 10×10 image (100 pixels), and there are 50 hidden units in layer two. Here, the network is forced to learn a "compressed" representation of the input, in which it must attempt to "reconstruct" the 100-pixel input using 50 hidden...