One of the most—if not the most—popular frameworks at the moment is TensorFlow. The framework is created, maintained, and used internally by Google. This general open source framework can be used for any numerical computation by using data flow graphs. One of the biggest advantages of using is that you can use the same code and deploy it on your local CPU, GPU, or device. TensorFlow can also be used to run your deep learning model across multiple GPUs and CPUs.
- First, we will show how to install from your terminal (make sure that you adjust the link to the wheel for your and Python accordingly):
pip install --ignore-installed --upgrade https://storage.googleapis.com/tensorflow/linux/gpu/tensorflow_gpu-1.3.0-cp35-cp35m-linux_x86_64.whlThis will install the GPU-enabled version of TensorFlow and the correct dependencies.
- You can now import the TensorFlow library into your Python environment:
import tensorflow as tf
- To provide a dummy dataset, we will use
numpyand the following code:
import numpy as np x_input = np.array([[1,2,3,4,5]]) y_input = np.array([[10]])
- When defining a TensorFlow model, you cannot feed the data directly to your model. You should create a placeholder that acts like an entry point for your data feed:
x = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, 5]) y = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, 1])
- Afterwards, you apply some operations to the placeholder with some variables. For example:
W = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([5, 1])) b = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([1])) y_pred = tf.matmul(x, W)+b
- Next, define a loss function as follows:
loss = tf.reduce_sum(tf.pow((y-y_pred), 2))
- We need to specify the optimizer and the variable that we want to minimize:
train = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.0001).minimize(loss)
- In TensorFlow, it's important that you initialize all variables. Therefore, we create a variable called
init:
init = tf.global_variables_initializer()
We should note that this command doesn't initialize the variables yet; this is done when we run a session.
- Next, we create a session and run the training for 10 epochs:
sess = tf.Session()
sess.run(init)
for i in range(10):
feed_dict = {x: x_input, y: y_input}
sess.run(train, feed_dict=feed_dict)- If we also want to extract the costs, we can do so by adding it as follows:
sess = tf.Session()
sess.run(init)
for i in range(10):
feed_dict = {x: x_input, y: y_input}
_, loss_value = sess.run([train, loss], feed_dict=feed_dict)
print(loss_value)- If we want to use multiple GPUs, we should specify this explicitly. For example, take this part of code from the TensorFlow documentation:
c = []
for d in ['/gpu:0', '/gpu:1']:
with tf.device(d):
a = tf.constant([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0], shape=[2, 3])
b = tf.constant([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0], shape=[3, 2])
c.append(tf.matmul(a, b))
with tf.device('/cpu:0'):
sum = tf.add_n(c)
# Creates a session with log_device_placement set to True.
sess = tf.Session(config=tf.ConfigProto(log_device_placement=True))
# Runs the op.
print(sess.run(sum))As you can see, this gives a lot of flexibility in how the computations are handled and by which device.
Note
This is just a brief introduction to how TensorFlow works. The granular level of model implementation gives the user a lot of flexibility when implementing networks. However, if you're new to neural networks, it might be overwhelming. That is why the Keras framework--a wrapper on top of TensorFlow—can be a good alternative for those who want to start building neural networks without getting too much into the details. Therefore, in this book, the first few chapters will mainly focus on Keras, while the more advanced chapters will include more recipes that use other frameworks such as TensorFlow.