All code in this book has been written against the latest version of R—3.4.3 at time of writing. As a matter of good practice, you should keep your R version up to date but most, if not all, code should work with any reasonably recent version of R. Some of the R packages we will be installing will require more recent versions though. For the other software that this book uses, instructions will be furnished pro re nata. If you want to get a head start, however, install RStudio, JAGS, and a C++ compiler (or Rtools if you use windows).

You can download the example code files for this book from your account at www.packtpub.com. If you purchased this book elsewhere, you can visit www.packtpub.com/support and register to have the files emailed directly to you.

You can download the code files by following these steps:

1. Log in or register at www.packtpub.com.
2. Select the SUPPORT tab.
3. Click on Code Downloads & Errata.
4. Enter the name of the book in the Search box and follow the onscreen instructions.

Once the file is downloaded, please make sure that you unzip or extract the folder using the latest version of:

• WinRAR/7-Zip for Windows
• Zipeg/iZip/UnRarX for Mac
• 7-Zip/PeaZip for Linux

The code bundle for the book is also hosted on GitHub at https://github.com/PacktPublishing/Data-Analysis-with-R-Second-Edition. We also have other code bundles from our rich catalog of books and videos available at https://github.com/PacktPublishing/. Check them out!

There are a number of text conventions used throughout this book.

CodeInText: Indicates code words in text, database table names, folder names, filenames, file extensions, pathnames, dummy URLs, user input, and Twitter handles. Here is an example: "Mount the downloaded WebStorm-10*.dmg disk image file as another disk in your system."

A block of code is set as follows:

# don't worry about memorizing this 
temp.density <- density(airquality$Temp) 
pdf <- approxfun(temp.density$x, temp.density$y, rule=2) 
integrate(pdf, 80, 90)

When we wish to draw your attention to a particular part of a code block or output, the relevant lines or items are set in bold:

table(mtcars$carb) / length(mtcars$carb) 
   
      1       2       3       4       6       8  
0.21875 0.31250 0.09375 0.31250 0.03125 0.03125

Bold: Indicates a new term, an important word, or words that you see onscreen. For example, words in menus or dialog boxes appear in the text like this. Here is an example: "Select System info from the Administration panel."