Book Image

Deep Learning from the Basics

By : Koki Saitoh
5 (1)
Book Image

Deep Learning from the Basics

5 (1)
By: Koki Saitoh

Overview of this book

Deep learning is rapidly becoming the most preferred way of solving data problems. This is thanks, in part, to its huge variety of mathematical algorithms and their ability to find patterns that are otherwise invisible to us. Deep Learning from the Basics begins with a fast-paced introduction to deep learning with Python, its definition, characteristics, and applications. You’ll learn how to use the Python interpreter and the script files in your applications, and utilize NumPy and Matplotlib in your deep learning models. As you progress through the book, you’ll discover backpropagation—an efficient way to calculate the gradients of weight parameters—and study multilayer perceptrons and their limitations, before, finally, implementing a three-layer neural network and calculating multidimensional arrays. By the end of the book, you’ll have the knowledge to apply the relevant technologies in deep learning.

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Table of Contents (11 chapters)
Preface
Preface
About the Book
1
Introduction
Introduction
Concept of this book
Acknowledgments
Free Chapter
2
1. Introduction to Python
1. Introduction to Python
What is Python?
Installing Python
Python Interpreter
Python Script Files
NumPy
Matplotlib
Summary
3
2. Perceptrons
2. Perceptrons
What Is a Perceptron?
Simple Logic Circuits
Implementing Perceptrons
Limitations of Perceptrons
Multilayer Perceptrons
From NAND to a Computer
Summary
4
3. Neural Networks
3. Neural Networks
From Perceptrons to Neural Networks
Activation Function
Calculating Multidimensional Arrays
Implementing a Three-Layer Neural Network
Designing the Output Layer
Identity Function and Softmax Function
Handwritten Digit Recognition
Summary
5
4. Neural Network Training
4. Neural Network Training
Learning from Data
Loss Function
Numerical Differentiation
Gradient
Implementing a Training Algorithm
Summary
6
5. Backpropagation
5. Backpropagation
Computational Graphs
Chain Rule
Backward Propagation
Implementing a Simple Layer
Implementing the Activation Function Layer
Implementing the Affine and Softmax Layers
Implementing Backpropagation
Summary
7
6. Training Techniques
6. Training Techniques
Updating Parameters
Initial Weight Values
Regularization
Validating Hyperparameters
Summary
8
7. Convolutional Neural Networks
7. Convolutional Neural Networks
Overall Architecture
The Convolution Layer
The Pooling Layer
Implementing the Convolution and Pooling Layers
Implementing a CNN
Visualizing a CNN
Typical CNNs
Summary
9
8. Deep Learning
8. Deep Learning
Making a Network Deeper
A Brief History of Deep Learning
Accelerating Deep Learning
Practical Uses of Deep Learning
The Future of Deep Learning
Summary
Appendix A
Appendix A
Computational Graph of the Softmax-with-Loss Layer
Summary

The Pooling Layer

A pooling operation makes the space of the height and width smaller. As shown in Figure 7.14, it converts a 2 x 2 area into one element to reduce the space's size:

Figure 7.14: Procedure of max pooling

This example shows this procedure when 2 x 2 max-pooling is conducted with a stride of 2. "Max pooling" takes the maximum value of a region, while "2 x 2" indicates the size of the target region. As we can see, it takes the maximum element in a 2 x 2 region. The stride is 2 in this example, so the 2 x 2 window moves by two elements at one time. Generally, the same value is used for the pooling window size and the stride. For example, the stride is 3 for a 3 x 3 window, and the stride is 4 for a 4 x 4 window.

Note

In addition to max pooling, average pooling can also be used. Max pooling takes the maximum value in the target region, while average pooling averages the values in the target region. In image recognition...

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