Book Image

Natural Language Processing with TensorFlow - Second Edition

By : Thushan Ganegedara
2 (1)
Book Image

Natural Language Processing with TensorFlow - Second Edition

2 (1)
By: Thushan Ganegedara

Overview of this book

Learning how to solve natural language processing (NLP) problems is an important skill to master due to the explosive growth of data combined with the demand for machine learning solutions in production. Natural Language Processing with TensorFlow, Second Edition, will teach you how to solve common real-world NLP problems with a variety of deep learning model architectures. The book starts by getting readers familiar with NLP and the basics of TensorFlow. Then, it gradually teaches you different facets of TensorFlow 2.x. In the following chapters, you then learn how to generate powerful word vectors, classify text, generate new text, and generate image captions, among other exciting use-cases of real-world NLP. TensorFlow has evolved to be an ecosystem that supports a machine learning workflow through ingesting and transforming data, building models, monitoring, and productionization. We will then read text directly from files and perform the required transformations through a TensorFlow data pipeline. We will also see how to use a versatile visualization tool known as TensorBoard to visualize our models. By the end of this NLP book, you will be comfortable with using TensorFlow to build deep learning models with many different architectures, and efficiently ingest data using TensorFlow Additionally, you’ll be able to confidently use TensorFlow throughout your machine learning workflow.

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Table of Contents (15 chapters)
Preface
Preface
Who this book is for
What this book covers
To get the most out of this book
Get in touch
Free Chapter
1
Introduction to Natural Language Processing
Introduction to Natural Language Processing
What is Natural Language Processing?
Tasks of Natural Language Processing
The traditional approach to Natural Language Processing
The deep learning approach to Natural Language Processing
Introduction to the technical tools
Summary
2
Understanding TensorFlow 2
Understanding TensorFlow 2
What is TensorFlow?
Inputs, variables, outputs, and operations
Keras: The model building API of TensorFlow
Implementing our first neural network
Summary
3
Word2vec – Learning Word Embeddings
Word2vec – Learning Word Embeddings
What is a word representation or meaning?
Classical approaches to learning word representation
An intuitive understanding of Word2vec – an approach to learning word representation
The skip-gram algorithm
The Continuous Bag-of-Words algorithm
Summary
4
Advanced Word Vector Algorithms
Advanced Word Vector Algorithms
GloVe – Global Vectors representation
ELMo – Taking ambiguities out of word vectors
Document classification with ELMo
Summary
5
Sentence Classification with Convolutional Neural Networks
Sentence Classification with Convolutional Neural Networks
Introducing CNNs
Understanding CNNs
Exercise – image classification on Fashion-MNIST with CNN
Using CNNs for sentence classification
Summary
6
Recurrent Neural Networks
Recurrent Neural Networks
Understanding RNNs
Backpropagation Through Time
Applications of RNNs
Named Entity Recognition with RNNs
NER with character and token embeddings
Summary
7
Understanding Long Short-Term Memory Networks
Understanding Long Short-Term Memory Networks
Understanding Long Short-Term Memory Networks
How LSTMs solve the vanishing gradient problem
Improving LSTMs
Other variants of LSTMs
Summary
8
Applications of LSTM – Generating Text
Applications of LSTM – Generating Text
Our data
Implementing the language model
Comparing LSTMs to LSTMs with peephole connections and GRUs
Improving sequential models – beam search
Improving LSTMs – generating text with words instead of n-grams
Summary
9
Sequence-to-Sequence Learning – Neural Machine Translation
Sequence-to-Sequence Learning – Neural Machine Translation
Machine translation
A brief historical tour of machine translation
Understanding neural machine translation
Preparing data for the NMT system
Defining the model
Training the NMT
The BLEU score – evaluating the machine translation systems
Visualizing Attention patterns
Inference with NMT
Other applications of Seq2Seq models – chatbots
Summary
10
Transformers
Transformers
Transformer architecture
Understanding BERT
Use case: Using BERT to answer questions
Summary
11
Image Captioning with Transformers
Image Captioning with Transformers
Getting to know the data
Downloading the data
Processing and tokenizing data
Defining a tf.data.Dataset
The machine learning pipeline for image caption generation
Implementing the model with TensorFlow
Training the model
Evaluating the results quantitatively
Evaluating the model
Captions generated for test images
Summary
12
Other Books You May Enjoy
Other Books You May Enjoy
13
Index
Index
Appendix A: Mathematical Foundations and Advanced TensorFlow
Appendix A: Mathematical Foundations and Advanced TensorFlow
Basic data structures
Special types of matrices
Tensor/matrix operations
Probability
Visualizing word embeddings with TensorBoard
Summary

Other variants of LSTMs

Though we will mainly focus on the standard LSTM architecture, many variants have emerged that either simplify the complex architecture found in standard LSTMs, produce better performance, or both. We will look at two variants that introduce structural modifications to the cell architecture of LSTMs: peephole connections and GRUs.

Peephole connections

Peephole connections allow gates to see not only the current input and the previous final hidden state, but also the previous cell state. This increases the number of weights in the LSTM cell. Having such connections has been shown to produce better results. The equations would look like these:

Let’s briefly look at how this helps the LSTM perform better. So far, the gates see the current input and final hidden state but not the cell state. However, in this configuration, if the output gate is close to zero, even when the cell state contains information crucial...

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