The 3D View has three major control panels: the Header, which we have examined; the Tool Shelf on the left side, which says Transform at the top and has some tabs on the left; and the Properties Panel, which is hidden by default:
Close Blender and open it again.
With your mouse over the 3D View, press the N key. The Properties Panel appears. It has controls to change the location, rotation, and scaling of objects.
Press the N key again. The Properties Panel disappears.
Press the T key. The Tool Shelf disappears.
Press the T key again. The Tool Shelf reappears and contains many controls used when building objects.
When you have closed the Tool Shelf or the Properties Panel, note the small gray tab on the side of the 3D View window. If you click on that, the panel will reopen.