The retail market for connected things is projected to have a worth of 53.75 billion by 2022 and Bluetooth Low Energy is forecast to witness a substantial growth with a CAGR of over 25% during the forecast period.

In other words, this makes Bluetooth Low Energy a significant driver for this forecast growth and technology to be taken seriously. Bluetooth SIG is leaving no stone unturned to make the existing Bluetooth Low Energy technology a better fit for IoT Applications. The SIG recently finalized and released the specification for Bluetooth 5, which takes the existing technology to the next level by enabling quadrupled range, twice the speed and increasing the data broadcasting capacity by 800%. These new features are specifically focused on Internet of Things technology.

However, MCUs supporting Bluetooth Low Energy 5 like the one shown here are already available:

Figure 16: CC2640R2F MCU supporting Bluetooth Low Energy 5

Bluetooth 5 is a new standard, which has been rolled out very recently (from the end of 2016 to the beginning of 2017). For the consumers, it may take some time to feel the difference between the older Bluetooth Low Energy 4.2 versus the Bluetooth Low Energy 5 as various device manufacturers will adopt this standard and manufacture Bluetooth Low Energy 5 compatible devices, which will then hit the market and eventually end up in the hands of the consumers. As of the writing of this book, Samsung has already taken the lead and has released Galaxy S8 worldwide during the period towards the end of April and beginning of May 2017, which is the first smartphone to support and an early adopter of Bluetooth Low Energy 5. However, another key update, which is not immediately included in the Bluetooth Low Energy 5 standard is the specification for Mesh Networking. It is still said to be in works and probably will arrive early next year. This update for Bluetooth Low Energy is crucial for the IoT paradigm as it can enable data to be transferred across even greater distances just via Bluetooth Low Energy nodes/hubs. We shall briefly touch upon Mesh Networking to see how this is possible.

Traditional Bluetooth Low Energy network topology looks something similar to the star topology such as shown in the following diagram:

Figure 17: A traditional Bluetooth Low Energy network star topology; source: www.wikipedia.com

Here, one device acts as the server and others access information (characteristics) from the server, if and when required. It goes without saying that this is the traditional way of communication, and it limits the networking capabilities in terms of the following:

The preceding factors mentioned can severely limit an IoT-based solution.

The solution to this is the eagerly awaited mesh networking update, intended to transforming each individual Bluetooth Low Energy node to a hub, where the node/hub can also transfer data to the nearby devices. This will change the network topology from a traditional star network to a Mesh as shown as follows:

Figure 18: A mesh topology; source: www.wikipedia.com

This means each node of the network can accept and forward data to a neighboring node, allowing a network to scale more easily by just adding new nodes. A mesh network exhibits the following characteristics:

Another pre-existing piece of hardware technology, which is greatly going to benefit with Bluetooth Low Energy 5 is Beacons. Beacons are small sized, Bluetooth Low Energy devices which broadcast information:

Figure 19: Beacons from various vendors; source: www.wikipedia.com

Bluetooth Low Energy Beacons are primarily used for proximity broadcasting or advertising. A very popular use case of beacons is to broadcast/advertise contextual information to nearby smartphones and handheld devices, which support Bluetooth Low Energy, in close proximity. The context of the information can be bus updates on a bus stop, new products in a store, or special delicacies available at a restaurant.

The other uses of Beacons include:

There are already various preprogrammed beacons and respective development kits available in the market.

However, later in the course of this book, we will take the road less traveled and create a beacon of our own using a Raspberry Pi. Also, we shall discuss the two primary Beacon protocols namely, Eddystone and iBeacon.