There are a few ways to discover the IP address of your device. The first way is to log in to your router and look up the IP address. This is a quick method but as there are numerous routers, you'll have to consult your router's documentation on how to accomplish this.

You can also use the nmap utility to conduct a quick ping scan on your network. Assuming that you are familiar with the IP address of your own network, you should be able to see a new device. If you are running an apt-based distribution, you can install nmap with sudo apt-get install nmap. If you are on a Mac, you can use the homebrew package manager (http://brew.sh/) and install it with brew install nmap. Windows users should download the binary from http://nmap.org/download.html#windows. Once it is installed, you'll want to run a command similar to the following:

nmap -sn 192.168.1.0/24

Replace 192.168.1.0 with the appropriate address for your network. /24 is the Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) notation for the subnet mask. In this case, /24 means use a subnet mask of 24 bits of 1's, or 255.255.255.0. The -sn option directs nmap to conduct a ping scan.

If you are still unable to determine the IP address, you can buy a USB-to-serial adapter cable. BBB has a serial debug header located inboard of the P9 header. You can attach the USB-to-serial adapter to BBB's serial debug header, as shown in the following image:

In this figure, pin 1 (which is the black wire) is the ground, pin 4 is receive, and pin 5 is transmit. Once physically attached, you'll need a terminal emulator to connect over the serial connection. GNU Screen is a widely available, free, and robust software that will connect with the following command; just replace /dev/tty.XXXX with the file of your connection:

screen /dev/tty.PL2303-004014FA 115200

Lastly, you can set a static IP for your BBB. Your router may support a static lease feature, which will assign the IP of your choosing to the device when it performs a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) request. The lease on this request can be indefinite and, therefore, effectively provides a static IP. You can also set the IP statically on your device, but then you will have to manage conflicts manually. Therefore, the preferred method is to let the router handle this situation.

To take full advantage of the SSH configuration options in the following section, you'll want to have a static IP set. Otherwise, you will have to repeat the previous steps to determine the IP address of the device when your router power cycles or if the BBB is disconnected for a few days.

In order to connect to BBB, you need to type something similar to the following, but use the BBB's IP address from the previous section:

ssh [email protected]

The default username is debian and the default password is temppwd. If you only have one device, typing this command may be manageable. Once you start collecting BBBs, Raspberry Pis, pcDuinos, Cubieboards, Arduinos with a WiFly Shield, and so on, you will have to remember each IP, username, and password. This can become annoying. Fortunately, there are a few tricks that you can use to improve this situation.

First, you'll need a SSH private key. If you don't already have a key, you can generate one on your host with the following command:

ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096

Now edit the ~/.ssh/config file. If you are doing this in Emacs, you can press C-x C-f and then type ~/.ssh/config. Emacs keybindings are all bound to Emacs Lisp commands (technically, there are a few basic commands implemented in C). The keybinding C-x C-f is bound to the find-file function. An alternate, albeit longer, way to open a file is to press M-x, type find-file, then open the file of your choice.

Add the following section to your ~/.ssh/config file, replacing HostName with the IP address of your BBB:

Host bbb
     HostName 192.168.1.10
     User debian

Now, you can SSH into the BBB just by typing ssh bbb. Add as many servers as you want here and give them descriptive names, and this will you manage your connections.

If you've followed the above step, then connecting to your BBB is now simplified with the exception of entering the password. Connect to your BBB and run the ssh-keygen command on BBB. This will create the .ssh directory for you. You don't have to generate an SSH key; you could just create the .ssh directory, but chances are that you may need an SSH key anyway and this will accomplish both tasks.

Before you log out, we need to perform one bit of maintenance. We need to regenerate the SSH host key, the key on the BBB, since the key on your device was cloned from an image. The process involves just a few commands but requires running them as root. You can either type sudo su and become root and run the commands, or append sudo in front of each command in the following code snippet, based off the Nix Craft article at http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-regenerate-openssh-host-keys/:

rm /etc/ssh/ssh_host_*
dpkg-reconfigure openssh-server

This will delete your existing SSH host key and regenerate it from scratch. Since the host key has changed, we need to update your SSH client on you main computer. If you log in to the BBB again, you will probably receive a warning that the fingerprint doesn't match because you changed it. You can remove the old entry from your client by typing the following (you may have to use the IP address instead of bbb):

ssh-keygen -R bbb

Alternatively, you can edit ~/.ssh/known_hosts directly and remove the entry.

With the new SSH key on the BBB and the old entry in known_hosts removed, log back in to the BBB just to make sure everything is working. Log back out and return to the terminal on your host. After executing the following command, you will no longer be prompted for a password:

cat .ssh/id_rsa.pub | ssh bbb 'cat >> .ssh/authorized_keys'

This will copy your public SSH key to the BBB, which will be recognized in the SSH handshake as an authorized key, and therefore, it will not require you to enter the debian user's password.

Most likely, you will need to perform this operation again and you may not want to refer to this book to find this command. You can add this function to your .bashrc file or an equivalent for further ease of use:

ssh_upload(){
  if [[ $# -ne 1 ]]; then
    echo "usage: host\nNOTE: host should be set in ~/.ssh/config"
    else
    cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub | ssh $1 'cat >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys'
    fi
}

Then, you can add your key to servers with:

ssh_upload bbb

Don't forget to reload your .bashrc file to gain this function with:

source ~/.bashrc

Logging out and in again will also work.

Now you don't have to enter the debian account password each time you log in to the BBB, but now you do have to enter the password for your SSH private key. This is equally annoying. However, we can fix this by running ssh-agent. Installing and configuring ssh-agent is OS-dependent, and instructions are easy to find online. Once ssh-agent is running, you'll typically have to enter your SSH private key password when you log in and if you make an SSH connection within a certain time period, you'll instantly connect to the remote server without any additional password entry.

If you are currently looking at the dired buffer in Emacs, then Emacs is aware that you are on a remote machine. Certain commands are TRAMP-aware and will execute remotely. For example, M-! will execute a shell command. When used over TRAMP, it will execute the shell command remotely. Try using M-! with touch test.txt. Now press g to refresh dired. You should now see test.txt. If you edit this file by navigating to it in dired and then pressing Enter, you will now be editing the file remotely. Technically, you are editing a local copy of this buffer but when you save it with C-x C-s, it will send the changes over to the BBB.

There is a benefit to this system. If the SSH connection drops, for whatever reason, the buffer is still in RAM on your local machine. Once the connection is restored, Emacs will save the buffer. Emacs acts as a session manager for your remote connections and will transparently reconnect when needed.

If you open a C file in Emacs, Emacs will apply C-aware syntax highlighting, but it can also compile and debug over TRAMP. To compile, invoke M-x, type compile, and supply the compile command. If there is a makefile, then make should suffice; otherwise, provide the full gcc compilation string. The benefit of using the compile function is that Emacs will be aware of compilation errors and you can jump to each one with C-x`. Lastly, if you install gdb on BBB, you debug with gdb from your host computer. Assuming that you compiled your program with debug symbols, if you are looking at the source file in the current buffer, you can press M-x, and then type gdb.

You'll have to provide the gdb command, which is something such as gdb nameofexec -i=mi. Emacs will remotely launch gdb and open an interactive session. If you set breakpoints, Emacs will switch over to the code buffer and show you where the instruction pointer has stopped in the code.

Lastly, you can run a shell inside Emacs on the remote system as well. If you are in a TRAMP-aware buffer, pressing M-x and then typing shell will open a remote shell. You can perform all your development actions while never leaving Emacs. Emacs can also act as your mail reader, calculator, IRC client, and even play Tetris (by pressing M-x, and then typing Tetris). Emacs is a cross platform editor, so if you learn how to use Emacs once, you can use it as your development environment on any machine.

Another routine and tedious task is to copy files from the host to the target or vice versa. Most likely, you can use the command line and a tool such as scp to send files back and forth. Emacs dired using TRAMP will make this task much simpler. In a dired buffer, press C to invoke the dired-do-copy function. This will prompt you for the destination. If you specify a remote address such as /ssh:bbb:/home/debian, then dired will copy the files over SSH. You can copy multiple files by marking them with m and then pressing C. The reverse, copying files from BBB to the host, is the same process. This prevents you from having to drop to a shell and use scp.

There are many resources online to learn Emacs. If you are an IRC user, the #emacs channel on Freenode is the watering hole of many experienced Emacs users. The Emacs wiki is also a good starting point for Emacs research, which has a Emacs newbie entry (http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/EmacsNewbie). The built-in help system is quite extensive. To receive help on the help system, press C-h ?.