The internal field separator (IFS) is an important concept in shell scripting. It is very useful while manipulating text data. We will now discuss delimiters that separate different data elements from single data stream. An internal field separator is a delimiter for a special purpose. An internal field separator is an environment variable that stores delimiting characters. It is the default delimiter string used by a running shell environment.
Consider the case where we need to iterate through words in a string or comma separated values (CSV). In the first case we will use IFS=" " and in the second, IFS=",". Let us see how to do it.
Consider the case of CSV data:
data="name,sex,rollno,location"
To read each of the item in a variable, we can use IFS.
oldIFS=$IFS
IFS=, now,
for item in $data;
do
echo Item: $item
done
IFS=$oldIFSThe output is as follows:
Item: name Item: sex Item: rollno Item: location
The default value of IFS is a space component (newline, tab, or a space character).
When IFS is set as , the shell interprets the comma as a delimiter character, therefore, the $item variable takes substrings separated by a comma as its value during the iteration.
If IFS is not set as , then it would print the entire data as a single string.
Let us go through another example usage of IFS by taking the /etc/passwd file into consideration. In the /etc/passwd file, every line contains items delimited by ":". Each line in the file corresponds to an attribute related to a user.
Consider the input: root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash. The last entry on each line specifies the default shell for the user. To print users and their default shells, we can use the IFS hack as follows:
#!/bin/bash
#Desc: Illustration of IFS
line="root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash"
oldIFS=$IFS;
IFS=":"
count=0
for item in $line;
do
[ $count -eq 0 ] && user=$item;
[ $count -eq 6 ] && shell=$item;
let count++
done;
IFS=$oldIFS
echo $user\'s shell is $shell;The output will be:
root's shell is /bin/bash
Loops are very useful in iterating through a sequence of values. Bash provides many types of loops. Let us see how to use them:
Using a
forloop:for var in list; do commands; # use $var done list can be a string, or a sequence.We can generate different sequences easily.
echo {1..50}can generate a list of numbers from 1 to 50.echo {a..z}or{A..Z}or{a..h}can generate lists of alphabets. Also, by combining these we can concatenate data.In the following code, in each iteration, the variable
iwill hold a character in the rangeatoz:for i in {a..z}; do actions; done;The
forloop can also take the format of theforloop in C. For example:for((i=0;i<10;i++)) { commands; # Use $i }while condition do commands; doneFor an infinite loop, use
trueas the condition.A special loop called
untilis available with Bash. This executes the loop until the given condition becomes true. For example:x=0; until [ $x -eq 9 ]; # [ $x -eq 9 ] is the condition do let x++; echo $x; done