In this rather quick tour, you learned about number systems in depth and looked at how binary, hexadecimal, and decimal notation schemes work. You have also got a clear idea of how negative number representation methods and 1's complement and 2's complement representations work in computing. You examined what logic gates are and how bit masking works.

You looked at the tool chain and some of the most useful tools that will immensely aid you in your static analysis tasks. You had a better look at PE Explorer and IDA Pro, as well as discussed the myriad ways in which the tools can be used. In the next chapter, we will take a deeper look at some of the important data structures and how to use a debugger and disassembler in tandem to get the best out of your analysis session. As we progress, you will also get to learn about debugger internals, a deeper exploration of malicious code, which will aid you in your antimalware pursuits. See you there!