Having separate environments for development, testing, and production are good ways to be able to develop and test cookbook updates and other configuration changes in isolation. Chef enables you to group your nodes into separate environments so as to support an ordered development flow.
For the following examples, I assume that you have a node named server in the _default environment and that you have at least one cookbook (I'll use the ntp cookbook) registered with your Chef server.
Let's see how to manipulate environments using knife.
Note
This is only a good idea if you want to play around. For serious work, please create files describing your environments and put them under version control as described in the There's more... section of this recipe.
Create your environment on the fly using knife. The following command will open your shell's default editor so that you can modify the environment definition:
mma@laptop:~/chef-repo $ knife environment create book{ "name": "book", "description": "", "cookbook_versions": { }, "json_class": "Chef::Environment", "chef_type": "environment", "default_attributes": { }, "override_attributes": { } } Created bookList the available environments:
mma@laptop:~/chef-repo $ knife environment list_default book
List the nodes for all the environments:
mma@laptop:~/chef-repo $ knife node listserver
Verify that the node
serveris not in thebookenvironment yet by listing nodes in thebookenvironment only:mma@laptop:~/chef-repo $ knife node list -E book mma@laptop:~/chef-repo $
Change the environment of
servertobookusing knife:mma@laptop:~/chef-repo $ knife node environment set server bookserver: chef_environment: book
List the nodes of the
bookenvironment again:mma@laptop:~/chef-repo $ knife node list -E bookserver
Use specific cookbook versions and override certain attributes for the environment:
mma@laptop:~/chef-repo $ knife environment edit book{ "name": "book", "description": "", "cookbook_versions": { "ntp": "1.6.8" }, "json_class": "Chef::Environment", "chef_type": "environment", "default_attributes": { }, "override_attributes": { "ntp": { "servers": ["0.europe.pool.ntp.org", "1.europe.pool.ntp.org", "2.europe.pool.ntp.org", "3.europe.pool.ntp.org"] } } } Saved book
A common use of environments is to promote cookbook updates from development to staging and then into production. Additionally, they enable you to use different cookbook versions on separate sets of nodes and environment-specific attributes. You might have nodes with lesser memory in your staging environment as in your production environment. By using environment-specific default attributes, you can, for example, configure your MySQL service to consume lesser memory on staging than on production.
Note
The Chef server always has an environment called _default, which cannot be edited or deleted. All the nodes go in there if you don't specify any other environment.
Be aware that roles are not environment-specific. You may use environment-specific run lists, though.
The node's environment can be queried using the node.chef_environment method inside your cookbooks.
If you want your environments to be under version control (and you should), a better way to create a new environment is to create a new Ruby file in the environments directory inside your Chef repository:
mma@laptop:~/chef-repo $ cd environments mma@laptop:~/chef-repo $ subl book.rb name "book"
You should add, commit, and push your new environment file to GitHub:
mma@laptop:~/chef-repo $ git add environments/book.rb mma@laptop:~/chef-repo $ git commit -a -m "the book env" mma@laptop:~/chef-repo $ git push
Now, can create the environment on the Chef server from the newly created file using knife:
mma@laptop:~/chef-repo $ knife environment from file book.rb Created Environment book
Tip
You have to deal with two artifact storages here. You have to use your version control system and knife / Berkshelf to sync your local changes to your Chef server. The Chef server is not aware of any changes that you do when using your version control system and vice versa.
There is a way to migrate all the nodes from one environment to another by using knife exec:
mma@laptop:~/chef-repo $ knife exec -E 'nodes.transform("chef_environment:_default") { |n| n.chef_environment("book")
You can limit your search for nodes in a specific environment:
mma@laptop:~/chef-repo $ knife search node "chef_environment:book"
1 item found
If you want to set up a virtual machine as a node, see the Managing virtual machines with Vagrant recipe in this chapter
Read more about environments at https://docs.chef.io/environments.html