After more than 20 years of performing professional security testing, it is amazing to me really how many are confused as to what a penetration test is. I have on many occasions gone to a meeting where the client is convinced they want a penetration test, and when I explain exactly what it is, they look at me in shock. So, what exactly is a penetration test? Remember our abstract methodology had a step for intrusive target searching and part of that step was another methodology for scanning? Well, the last item in the scanning methodology, exploitation, is the step that is indicative of a penetration test. That's right! That one step is the validation of vulnerabilities, and this is what defines penetration testing. Again, it is not what most clients think when they bring a team in. The majority of them in reality want a vulnerability assessment. When you start explaining to them that you are going to run exploit code and all these really cool things on their systems and/or networks, they usually are quite surprised. The majority of the times, the client will want you to stop at the validation step. On some occasions, they will ask you to prove what you have found, and then you might get to show validation. I once was in a meeting with the IT department of a foreign country's stock market, and when I explained what we were about to do for validating vulnerabilities, the IT director's reaction was, "Those are my stock broker records, and if we lose them, we lose a lot of money!" Hence, we did not perform the validation step in that test.