The Java programming language has a very rich concurrency API. It contains classes to manage the basic elements of concurrency, such as Thread, Lock, and Semaphore, and classes that implement very high-level synchronization mechanisms, such as the executor framework or the new parallel Stream API.
In this section, we will cover the basic classes that form the concurrency API.
The basic classes of the Concurrency API are:
- The Thread class: This class represents all the threads that execute a concurrent Java application
- The Runnable interface: This is another way to create concurrent applications in Java
- The ThreadLocal class: This is a class to store variables locally to a thread
- The ThreadFactory interface: This is the base of the
Factorydesign pattern, that you can use to create customized threads
The Java Concurrency API includes different synchronization mechanisms that allow you to:
- Define a critical section to access a shared resource
- Synchronize different tasks at a common point
The following mechanisms are the most important synchronization mechanisms:
- The synchronized keyword: The
synchronizedkeyword allows you to define a critical section in a block of code or in an entire method. - The Lock interface:
Lockprovides a more flexible synchronization operation than thesynchronizedkeyword. There are different kinds of Locks:ReentrantLock, to implement a Lock that can be associated with a condition;ReentrantReadWriteLockthat separates the read and write operations; andStampedLock, a new feature of Java 8 that includes three modes for controlling read/write access. - The Semaphore class: The class that implements the classical semaphore to implement the synchronization. Java supports binary and general semaphores.
- The CountDownLatch class: A class that allows a task to wait for the finalization of multiple operations.
- The CyclicBarrier class: A class that allows the synchronization of multiple threads at a common point.
- The Phaser class: A class that allows you to control the execution of tasks divided into phases. None of the tasks advance to the next phase until all of the tasks have finished the current phase.
The executor framework is a mechanism that allows you to separate thread creation and management for the implementation of concurrent tasks. You don't have to worry about the creation and management of threads, only to create tasks and send them to the executor. The main classes involved in this framework are:
- The Executor and ExecutorService interface: This includes the
execute()method common to all executors - ThreadPoolExecutor: This is a class that allows you to get an executor with a pool of threads and, optionally, define a maximum number of parallel tasks
- ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor: This is a special kind of executor to allow you to execute tasks after a delay or periodically
- Executors: This is a class that facilitates the creation of executors
- The Callable interface: This is an alternative to the
Runnableinterface - a separate task that can return a value - The Future interface: This is an interface that includes the methods to obtain the value returned by a
Callableinterface and to control its status
The fork/join framework defines a special kind of executor specialized in the resolution of problems with the divide and conquer technique. It includes a mechanism to optimize the execution of the concurrent tasks that solve these kinds of problems. Fork/Join is specially tailored for fine-grained parallelism, as it has very low overhead in order to place the new tasks into the queue and take queued tasks for execution. The main classes and interfaces involved in this framework are:
ForkJoinPool: This is a class that implements the executor that is going to run the tasksForkJoinTask: This is a task that can be executed in theForkJoinPoolclassForkJoinWorkerThread: This is a thread that is going to execute tasks in theForkJoinPoolclass
Streams and lambda expressions were the two most important new features of the Java 8 version. Streams have been added as a method in the Collection interface and other data sources and allow the processing of all elements of a data structure generating new structures, filtering data, and implementing algorithms using the map and reduce technique.
A special kind of stream is a parallel stream that realizes its operations in a parallel way. The most important elements involved in the use of parallel streams are:
- The Stream interface: This is an interface that defines all the operations that you can perform on a stream.
- Optional: This is a container object that may or may not contain a non-null value.
- Collectors: This is a class that implements reduction operations that can be used as part of a stream sequence of operations.
- Lambda expressions: Streams have been thought of to work with Lambda expressions. Most of stream methods accept a lambda expression as a parameter. This allows you to implement a more compact version of operations.
Normal data structures of the Java API (ArrayList, Hashtable, and so on) are not ready to work in a concurrent application unless you use an external synchronization mechanism. If you use it, you will be adding a lot of extra computing time to your application. If you don't use it, it's probable that you will add race conditions to your application. If you modify them from several threads and race conditions occur, you may experience various exceptions (such as, ConcurrentModificationException and ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException), silent data loss, or your program may even get stuck in an endless loop.
The Java Concurrency API includes a lot of data structures that can be used in concurrent applications without risk. We can classify them into two groups:
- Blocking data structures: These include methods that block the calling task when, for example, the data structure is empty and you want to get a value.
- Non-blocking data structures: If the operation can be made immediately, it won't block the calling tasks. It returns a null value or throws an exception.
These are some of the data structures:
ConcurrentLinkedDeque: This is a non-blocking listConcurrentLinkedQueue: This is a non-blocking queueLinkedBlockingDeque: This is a blocking listLinkedBlockingQueue: This is a blocking queuePriorityBlockingQueue: This is a blocking queue that orders its elements based on their priorityConcurrentSkipListMap: This is a non-blocking navigable mapConcurrentHashMap: This is a non-blocking hash mapAtomicBoolean,AtomicInteger,AtomicLong, andAtomicReference: These are atomic implementations of the basic Java data types