In addition to member functions and local functions, Kotlin also supports declaring top-level functions. These are functions that exist outside of any class, object, or interface and are defined directly inside a file. The name top-level comes from the fact that functions are not nested inside any structure and so they are at the top of the hierarchy of classes and functions.

Top-level functions are especially useful for defining helper or utility functions. It does not necessarily make sense to group them with other functions or create them when the contained object adds no value. In Java, these kinds of functions exist as static functions inside helper classes. An example would be the functions of collections in the Java standard library.

However, some functions are so standalone that it makes little sense to take the trouble of creating a containing object. A good example would be require. This is a Kotlin standard library function that is used to ensure that parameters...