An alternative to running the book recipes in a container is to install the dependencies directly on the host operating system. For this, we have assembled a minimal toolstack that can be used as a basic starting point for all of our recipes. You will have to install the following:

1. CMake
2. Language-specific tools, that is, the compilers
3. Build automation tools
4. Python

We will also detail how to install the additional dependencies required by some of the recipes.

CMake 3.5 is the minimum required version of CMake for this book. Only a few, specific recipes and examples that demonstrate useful features that were introduced after version 3.5 will require a more recent version of CMake. The introduction to every recipe features an info box, pointing out where the code is available, which examples are given, and the minimum version of CMake required. The info boxes will look like the following box:

Some, if not most, of the recipes will still be valid with older versions of CMake. However, we have made no attempts to test this assumption, since we consider CMake 3.5 to be the default on most systems and distributions. We also consider upgrading to later versions of CMake to be a straightforward step.

CMake can be installed in a number of different ways. Downloading and extracting the binary distribution maintained by Kitware will work across all platforms. The download page is at https://cmake.org/download/.

Most GNU/Linux distributions have CMake available in their package managers. However, on some distributions, the packaged version can be rather old, so downloading the binary maintained by Kitware is still the preferred option. The following commands will download and install CMake 3.5.2 under $HOME/Deps/cmake (adjust this path to your preference), from the version packaged by CMake:

$ cmake_version="3.5.2"
$ target_path=$HOME/Deps/cmake/${cmake_version}
$ cmake_url="https://cmake.org/files/v${cmake_version%.*}/cmake-${cmake_version}-Linux-x86_64.tar.gz"
$ mkdir -p "${target_path}"
$ curl -Ls "${cmake_url}" | tar -xz -C "${target_path}" --strip-components=1
$ export PATH=$HOME/Deps/cmake/${cmake_version}/bin${PATH:+:$PATH}
$ cmake --version

Homebrew for macOS reliably ships the latest version of CMake:

$ brew upgrade cmake

On Windows, you can use Visual Studio 2017, which provides CMake support. The installation of Visual Studio 2017 is documented in Chapter 13, Alternative Generators and Cross-compilation, Recipe 1, Building a CMake project using Visual Studio 2017.

Alternatively, you can download the MSYS2 installer from https://www.msys2.org , follow the instructions given therein to update the list of packages, and then install CMake using the package manager, pacman. The following code assumes that we are building the 64-bit version:

$ pacman -S mingw64/mingw-w64-x86_64-cmake

For the 32-bit version, use the following (though we will only refer to 64-bit versions in future, for the sake of brevity):

$ pacman -S mingw64/mingw-w64-i686-cmake

Another nice feature of MSYS2 is that it provides a terminal on Windows that feels and behaves like a terminal on a Unix-like operating system, providing a useful development environment.

We will need compilers for C++, C, and Fortran. These should be fairly recent, as we require support for recent language standards in most of the recipes. CMake offers very good support for many compilers, from both commercial and non-commercial vendors. To keep the recipes consistently cross-platform and as operating system independent as possible, we have worked with open source compilers:

• On GNU/Linux, the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) is the obvious choice. It is free and available for all distributions. For example, on Ubuntu, you can install the compilers as follows:

$ sudo apt-get install g++ gcc gfortran 

• Clang, in the LLVM family, is also a good choice for C++ and C:

$ sudo apt-get install clang clang++ gfortran

• On macOS, the LLVM compilers shipped with XCode will work for C++ and C. We have used the Fortran compiler from GCC in our macOS testing. This has to be installed separately, using the package manager. For example, the command for Homebrew is as follows:

$ brew install gcc

• On Windows, you can use Visual Studio for the C++ and C recipes. Alternatively, you can use the MSYS2 installer and install the entire toolchain, including a C++, C, and Fortran compiler, with the following single command in an MSYS2 environment (for the 64-bit version):

$ pacman -S mingw64/mingw-w64-x86_64-toolchain

These build-automation tools will provide the infrastructure for building and linking the projects presented in the recipes. What you will end up installing and using strongly depends on your operating system and your taste:

• On GNU/Linux, GNU Make will most likely be installed automatically, when installing the compilers.
• On macOS, XCode will provide GNU Make.

• On Windows, Visual Studio will provide you with the complete infrastructure. In the MSYS2 environment, GNU Make is installed as a part of the mingw64/mingw-w64-x86_64-toolchain package, which we installed previously.

For maximum portability, we have made the recipes as agnostic about these system-dependent details as possible. A clear advantage of this approach is that configuring, building, and linking are native to each platform and each set of compilers.

The Ninja program is a different build-automation tool that works on GNU/Linux, macOS, and Windows. Ninja is a new build tool, with a focus on speed, especially for incremental rebuilds. Prepackaged binaries for GNU/Linux, macOS, and Windows can be found on the project's GitHub repository at https://github.com/ninja-build/ninja/releases.

Using CMake and Ninja with Fortran projects requires some care. CMake 3.7.2 or later is required, along with the version of Ninja maintained by Kitware, available at https://github.com/Kitware/ninja/releases.

On GNU/Linux, you can install Ninja with the following series of commands:

$ mkdir -p ninja
$ ninja_url="https://github.com/Kitware/ninja/releases/download/v1.8.2.g3bbbe.kitware.dyndep-1.jobserver-1/ninja-1.8.2.g3bbbe.kitware.dyndep-1.jobserver-1_x86_64-linux-gnu.tar.gz"
$ curl -Ls ${ninja_url} | tar -xz -C ninja --strip-components=1
$ export PATH=$HOME/Deps/ninja${PATH:+:$PATH}

On Windows, using the MSYS2 environment (assuming the 64-bit version), executing the command:

$ pacman -S mingw64/mingw-w64-x86_64-ninja

This book is about CMake, but some of the recipes, along with the whole infrastructure powering testing, need Python. Thus, first and foremost, you will need a working installation of Python: the interpreter, header files, and libraries. The end of life for Python 2.7 was announced for 2020, and we will thus use Python 3.5.

On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (this is the environment used by Travis CI which we will discuss later on), Python 3.5 can be installed as follows:

$ sudo apt-get install python3.5-dev

On Windows, using the MSYS2 environment, the Python environment can be installed as follows (assuming the 64-bit version):

$ pacman -S mingw64/mingw-w64-x86_64-python3
$ pacman -S mingw64/mingw-w64-x86_64-python3-pip
$ python3 -m pip install pipenv

Specific Python modules are also required, in order to run the testing machinery that we have put in place. These can be installed system-wide by using your favorite package manager, or in an isolated environment. The latter approach is highly recommended, as it offers the following advantages:

• You can install packages and clean up installations without affecting the system environment.
• Packages can be installed without administrator privileges.
• You lower the risk of version and dependency clashes.
• You gain much better control over package dependencies, for reproducibility.

We have prepared a Pipfile for this purpose. In combination with its Pipfile.lock, you can use Pipenv (http://pipenv.readthedocs.io) to generate an isolated environment, with all packages installed. To create this environment for the recipe example repository, run the following commands in the top-level directory of the repository:

$ pip install --user pip pipenv --upgrade
$ pipenv install --python python3.5

The pipenv shell command will drop you into a command-line environment with the specific version of Python and all of the packages available. Executing exit will bring you back to a clean environment. You can also use pipenv run to directly execute a command within the isolated environment.

Alternatively, the requirements.txt file in the repository can be used, in combination with Virtualenv (http://docs.python-guide.org/en/latest/dev/virtualenvs/) and pip, to achieve the same effect:

$ virtualenv --python=python3.5 venv
$ source venv/bin/activate
$ pip install -r requirements.txt

The virtual environment can be exited by using the deactivate command.

Yet another alternative is to use Conda environments. To do so, we suggest installing Miniconda. The following instructions will install the latest Miniconda to the directory $HOME/Deps/conda, for GNU/Linux (download from https://repo.continuum.io/miniconda/Miniconda3-latest-Linux-x86_64.sh) or macOS (download from https://repo.continuum.io/miniconda/Miniconda3-latest-MacOSX-x86_64.sh):

$ curl -Ls https://repo.continuum.io/miniconda/Miniconda3-latest-Linux-x86_64.sh > miniconda.sh
$ bash miniconda.sh -b -p "$HOME"/Deps/conda &> /dev/null
$ touch "$HOME"/Deps/conda/conda-meta/pinned
$ export PATH=$HOME/Deps/conda/bin${PATH:+:$PATH}
$ conda config --set show_channel_urls True
$ conda config --set changeps1 no
$ conda update --all
$ conda clean -tipy

On Windows, you can download the latest Miniconda from https://repo.continuum.io/miniconda/Miniconda3-latest-Windows-x86_64.exe. The package can be installed using PowerShell, as follows:

$basedir = $pwd.Path + "\"
$filepath = $basedir + "Miniconda3-latest-Windows-x86_64.exe"
$Anaconda_loc = "C:\Deps\conda"
$args = "/InstallationType=JustMe /AddToPath=0 /RegisterPython=0 /S /D=$Anaconda_loc"
Start-Process -FilePath $filepath -ArgumentList $args -Wait -Passthru

$conda_path = $Anaconda_loc + "\Scripts\conda.exe"
$args = "config --set show_channel_urls True"
Start-Process -FilePath "$conda_path" -ArgumentList $args -Wait -Passthru
$args = "config --set changeps1 no"
Start-Process -FilePath "$conda_path" -ArgumentList $args -Wait -Passthru
$args = "update --all"
Start-Process -FilePath "$conda_path" -ArgumentList $args -Wait -Passthru
$args = "clean -tipy"
Start-Process -FilePath "$conda_path" -ArgumentList $args -Wait -Passthru

Once Conda is installed, the Python modules can be installed as follows:

$ conda create -n cmake-cookbook python=3.5
$ conda activate cmake-cookbook
$ conda install --file requirements.txt

Executing conda deactivate will drop you outside of the isolated environment.

Some recipes will require additional software, which will be covered in the following sections.

Most Linux distributions provide packages for BLAS and LAPACK. For example, on Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, you can run the following:

$ sudo apt-get install libatlas-dev liblapack-dev liblapacke-dev

On macOS, the Accelerate libraries, shipped with XCode, are enough for our purposes.

On Windows, using the MSYS2 environment, these libraries can be installed as follows (assuming the 64-bit version):

$ pacman -S mingw64/mingw-w64-x86_64-openblas

Alternatively, you can download the reference implementation of BLAS and LAPACK from GitHub (https://github.com/Reference-LAPACK/lapack) and compile the libraries from sources. Commercial vendors might offer packages for their own implementations of the BLAS and LAPACK APIs, available as installers for your platform.

There are many commercial and non-commercial implementations of MPI. For our introductory purposes, it is enough to install any of the freely available non-commercial implementations. On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, we recommend OpenMPI. It can be installed with the following command:

$ sudo apt-get install openmpi-bin libopenmpi-dev

For macOS, Homebrew distributes MPICH:

$ brew install mpich

It is also possible to compile OpenMPI from the sources publicly available at https://www.open-mpi.org/software/.

For Windows, the Microsoft MPI implementation can be installed via https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb524831(v=vs.85).aspx.

Some recipes will need the Eigen linear algebra template library, version 3.3 or later. If your package manager does not provide Eigen, you can install it from the online source archive (http://eigen.tuxfamily.org). For example, on GNU/Linux and macOS, you can install Eigen to the directory $HOME/Deps/eigen, as follows:

$ eigen_version="3.3.4"
$ mkdir -p eigen
$ curl -Ls http://bitbucket.org/eigen/eigen/get/${eigen_version}.tar.gz | tar -xz -C eigen --strip-components=1
$ cd eigen
$ cmake -H. -Bbuild_eigen -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX="$HOME/Deps/eigen" &> /dev/null
$ cmake --build build_eigen -- install &> /dev/null

Boost packages are available for every operating system; most Linux distributions have packages available through their package managers. On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, for instance, the Boost Filesystem, Boost Python, and Boost Test libraries can be installed with the following command:

$ sudo apt-get install libboost-filesystem-dev libboost-python-dev libboost-test-dev

For macOS, both MacPorts and Homebrew provide packages for recent versions of Boost. Our testing setup on macOS installs Boost as follows:

$ brew cask uninstall --force oclint
$ brew uninstall --force --ignore-dependencies boost
$ brew install boost 
$ brew install boost-python3

Prebuilt binary distributions for Windows are also available for download from the Boost website at http://www.boost.org. Alternatively, you can download the sources from https://www.boost.org and compile the libraries yourself.

On Debian/Ubuntu-like systems, cross-compilers can be installed with the following command:

$ sudo apt-get install gcc-mingw-w64 g++-mingw-w64 gfortran-mingw-w64

On macOS, using Brew, the cross-compilers can be installed as follows:

$ brew install mingw-w64

Other package managers offer corresponding packages.

An alternative to using packaged cross-compilers is to build them from sources, using the M cross environment (https://mxe.cc).

On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, these packages can be installed as follows:

$ sudo apt-get install pkg-config libzmq3-dev doxygen graphviz-dev uuid-dev

On macOS, we recommend installing with Brew:

$ brew install ossp-uuid pkg-config zeromq doxygen

The pkg-config program and UUID library are only available on Unix-like systems.

On Windows, using the MSYS2 environment, these dependencies can be installed as follows (assuming the 64-bit version):

$ pacman -S mingw64/mingw-w64-x86_64-zeromq
$ pacman -S mingw64/mingw-w64-x86_64-pkg-config
$ pacman -S mingw64/mingw-w64-x86_64-doxygen
$ pacman -S mingw64/mingw-w64-x86_64-graphviz

The recipes exploring packaging with Conda will need Miniconda and the Conda build and deployment tools installed on the system. The instructions for the installation of Miniconda were given previously. To install Conda build and deployment tools on GNU/Linux and macOS, run the following commands:

$ conda install --yes --quiet conda-build anaconda-client jinja2 setuptools
$ conda clean -tipsy
$ conda info -a

These tools can be installed on Windows as follows:

$conda_path = "C:\Deps\conda\Scripts\conda.exe"

$args = "install --yes --quiet conda-build anaconda-client jinja2 setuptools"
Start-Process -FilePath "$conda_path" -ArgumentList $args -Wait -Passthru

$args = "clean -tipsy"
Start-Process -FilePath "$conda_path" -ArgumentList $args -Wait -Passthru

$args = "info -a"
Start-Process -FilePath "$conda_path" -ArgumentList $args -Wait -Passthru