Debugging has been a notoriously difficult topic in Rust, but still, it pales in comparison to Visual Studio debugging or IntelliJ IDEA's (https://www.jetbrains.com/idea/) capabilities in the Java world. However, debugging capabilities go beyond simple println! statements nowadays.

Debugging Rust is available via an additional extension in Visual Studio Code. Install it by running ext install vadimcn.vscode-lldb in the command window (Ctrl + P/cmd + P).

Execute the following steps for this recipe:

1. Create a new binary project to debug: cargo new debug-me. Open this project in Visual Studio Code with the new extension loaded.
2. Before anything can happen, Visual Studio Code needs a launch configuration to recognize Rust's LLVM output. First, let's create this launch configuration; for that, add a .vscode directory containing a launch.json file to the project directory. This can be autogenerated, so make sure that launch.json contains the following:

{
    "version": "0.2.0",
    "configurations": [
        {
            "type": "lldb",
            "request": "launch",
            "name": "Debug executable 'debug-me'",
            "cargo": {
                "args": [
                    "build",
                    "--bin=debug-me",
                    "--package=debug-me"
                ],
                "filter": {
                    "kind": "bin"
                }
            },
            "args": [],
            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
        },
        {
            "type": "lldb",
            "request": "launch",
            "name": "Debug unit tests in executable 'debug-me'",
            "cargo": {
                "args": [
                    "test",
                    "--no-run",
                    "--bin=debug-me",
                    "--package=debug-me"
                ],
                "filter": {
                    "kind": "bin"
                }
            },
            "args": [],
            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
        }
    ]
}

3. Now, let's open src/main.rs and add some code to debug:

struct MyStruct {
    prop: usize,
}

struct Point(f32, f32);

fn main() {
    let a = 42;
    let b = vec![0, 0, 0, 100];
    let c = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
    let d = 0x5ff;
    let e = MyStruct { prop: 10 };
    let p = Point(3.14, 3.14);

    println!("Hello, world!");
}

4. Save and add a breakpoint in VS Code's user interface. Click left of the line numbers and a red dot should appear there. This is a breakpoint:

5. Having set a breakpoint, we expect the program to pause there and give us some insights into the current memory layout, that is, the state of any variables at that particular point in time. Run the debug launch configuration with F5 (or Debug | Start Debugging). The window configuration should change slightly and a panel on the left-hand side of the window shows local variables (among other things):

6. Using the small control panel on top, you can then control the execution flow and watch the stack and memory on the left change accordingly. Note also the difference between an array and a (heap-allocated) vector!

Now, let's go behind the scenes to understand the code better.

Rust is built on the LLVM compiler toolkit that comes with a range of features out of the box. When a Rust program compiles, it only gets translated into an intermediate language, from which the LLVM compiler creates native bytecode.

This is also the reason why debugging can work in this case—it builds on the LLVM debug symbols. While it clearly lacks the convenience of modern IDEs, it's a large step forward and allows users to inspect types. Future development of the tools will hopefully improve this situation as well; for now, the general debugger, GDB (https://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/), handles most of the cases where debug symbols are compiled into the program. The configuration for connecting the debugger with the code in the IDE can be found in step 2 and, by setting the breakpoint in step 4, it can track the relationship between lines of code and output. With the default setting to compile to debug, the debugger can then stop at this exact point. While it's not perfect (on the UX side), its capabilities are amazing.

Even this simple connection to a (UX-wise) very basic debugger can have great benefits for developers and represents a huge step up from println!() statements to inspect the current value of a variable.

We hope that you can use the debugger's capabilities in the remainder of this book. With this knowledge, you can now move on to the next chapter.