Case study – requirements that inspired the Unicon language
This book will use the Unicon programming language, located at http://unicon.org, for a running case study. We can start with reasonable questions such as, why build Unicon, and what are its requirements? To answer the first question, we will work backward from the second one.
Unicon exists because of an earlier programming language called Icon, from the University of Arizona (http://www.cs.arizona.edu/icon/). Icon has particularly good string and list processing abilities and is used for building many scripts and utilities, as well as both programming language and natural language processing projects. Icon's fantastic built-in data types, including structure types such as lists and (hash) tables, have influenced several languages, including Python and Unicon. Icon's signature research contribution is integrating goal-directed evaluation, including backtracking and automatic resumption of generators, into a familiar mainstream syntax. Unicon requirement #1 is to preserve these best bits of Icon.
Unicon requirement #1 – preserve what people love about Icon
One of the things that people love about Icon is its expression semantics, including its generators and goal-directed evaluation. Icon also provides a rich set of built-in functions and data types so that many or most programs can be understood directly from the source code. Unicon's goal would be 100% compatibility with Icon. In the end, we achieved more like 99% compatibility.
It is a bit of a leap from preserving the best bits to the immortality goal of ensuring old source code will run forever, but for Unicon, we include that in requirement #1. We have placed a harder requirement on backward compatibility than most modern languages. While C is very backward compatible, C++, Java, Python, and Perl are examples of languages that have wandered away, in some cases far away, from being compatible with the programs written in them back in their glory days. In the case of Unicon, perhaps 99% of Icon programs run unmodified as Unicon programs.
Icon was designed for maximum programmer productivity on small-sized projects; a typical Icon program is less than 1,000 lines of code, but Icon is very high level and you can do a lot of computing in a few hundred lines of code! Still, computers keep getting more capable and users want to write much larger programs than Icon was designed to handle. Unicon requirement #2 was to support programming in large-scale projects.
Unicon requirement #2 – support large-scale programs working on big data
For this reason, Unicon adds classes and packages to Icon, much like C++ adds them to C. Unicon also improved the bytecode object file format and made numerous scalability improvements to the compiler and runtime system. It also refines Icon's existing implementation to be more scalable in many specific items, such as adopting a much more sophisticated hash function.
Icon is designed for classic UNIX pipe-and-filter text processing of local files. Over time, more and more people were wanting to write with it and required more sophisticated forms of input/output, such as networking or graphics. Unicon requirement #3 is to support ubiquitous input/output capabilities at the same high level as the built-in types.
Unicon requirement #3 – high-level input/output for modern applications
Support for I/O is a moving target. At first, it included networking facilities and GDBM and ODBC database facilities to accompany Icon's 2D graphics. Then, it grew to include various popular internet protocols and 3D graphics. The definition of what input/output capabilities are ubiquitous continues to evolve and varies by platform, but touch input and gestures or shader programming capabilities are examples of things that have become rather ubiquitous by this point.
Arguably, despite billionfold improvements in CPU speed and memory size, the biggest difference between programming in 1970 and programming in 2020 is that we expect modern applications to use a myriad of sophisticated forms of I/O: graphics, networking, databases, and so forth. Libraries can provide access to such I/O, but language-level support can make it easier and more intuitive.
Icon is pretty portable, having been run on everything from Amigas to Crays to IBM mainframes with EBCDIC character sets. Although the platforms have changed almost unbelievably over the years, Unicon still retains Icon's goal of maximum source code portability: code that gets written in Unicon should continue to run unmodified on all computing platforms that matter. This leads to Unicon requirement #4.
Unicon requirement #4 – provide universally implementable system interfaces
For a very long time, portability meant running on PCs, Macs, and UNIX workstations. But again, the set of computing platforms that matter is a moving target. These days, work is underway in Unicon to support Android and iOS, in case you count them as computing platforms. Whether they count might depend on whether they are open enough and used for general computing tasks, but they are certainly capable of being used as such.
All those juicy I/O facilities that were implemented for requirement #3 must be designed in such a way that they can be multi-platform portable across all major platforms.
Having given you some of Unicon's primary requirements, here is an answer to the question, why build Unicon at all? One answer is that after studying many languages, I concluded that Icon's generators and goal-directed evaluation (requirement #1) were features that I wanted when writing programs from now on. But after allowing me to add 2D graphics to their language, Icon's inventors were no longer willing to consider further additions to meet requirements #2 and #3. Another answer is that there was a public demand for new capabilities, including volunteer partners and some financial support. Thus, Unicon was born.