Differences in computer-based investigations
This book is all about introducing a beginner to the realm of digital forensics. What is digital forensics? It is a division of forensics involving the recovery and analysis of data that has been recovered from digital devices. At one time, the term digital forensics was treated as a synonym for computer forensics, but now it involves all devices capable of storing digital data. No matter what term is used, the goal is to identify, collect, and examine/analyze digital data while preserving its integrity. Digital forensics is not only about finding the artifact, it is a formal examination/analysis of the digital evidence to prove or to disprove whether the accused committed the violation.
It is not always about demonstrating that the suspect is guilty; as a forensic examiner, you also have that ethical obligation to find exculpatory evidence that will prove the subject's innocence. Your duty is to be an unbiased third party in presenting the findings of the investigation. In a criminal examination, your findings could deprive someone of their liberty, and in a corporate investigation, your findings may lead to a criminal investigation or cost someone their livelihood. As a digital forensic examiner, your conclusions can have an extraordinary impact on the subjects of the investigation.
To be a digital forensic examiner, you need to have a desire to ask questions, have specialized equipment, and have the required training. From teaching people interested in the field, I have found the best students can critically examine the facts and circumstances being presented and, using that ability, can focus their efforts on efficiently reaching an accurate conclusion. Unfortunately, I find many students want to use a "find evidence" button, find all the artifacts, and print up a thousand-page report and call it a day. That is not digital forensics.
Digital forensics is not finding the artifact. By artifact, I am talking about an incriminating Google search in browser history, an incriminating email between the subject and a co-conspirator, and illicit images found in the filesystem. Artifacts are breadcrumbs leading to the identity of the person conducting the illegal activity. However, on their own, they do not identify the user who created these artifacts or the one who is responsible for their creation indirectly. One of the biggest challenges in this field is to determine what is colloquially known as the "idiot behind the keyboard." You want to tie the user to the specific subject and to do that, you have to analyze – that is the key word–the digital evidence to associate it with a particular user.
If you are in the IT field, you will understand networking and computer operating systems, but you will lack knowledge of how to preserve evidence, maintain a chain of custody, and present it in a criminal/administrative proceeding.
If you are an investigator, you will understand the chain of custody, evidence preservation, and testifying in a criminal/administrative proceeding. However, you may lack experience in the digital field. To be an effective digital forensic examiner, you have to be part of both those worlds. You have to understand how data is created, shared, and saved in the digital realm and be able to preserve that evidence in a forensically sound manner and testify in proceedings. Sometimes, the ability to talk in front of a large group while answering hard questions posed to you by attorneys from both sides is the hardest part of the field.
As with any field, the way you get better and more effective is to practice, to conduct real and mock examinations, to receive training, and have the willingness to reach out to your peers for advice. Since you are reading this book, you are taking that first step. You could be reading the text on your own, using it as a textbook for a college course you are taking, or using it in a corporate training session. The reason does not matter. Reading this book will put you on the road to be a more effective digital forensic examiner.
What is cybercrime? What crimes does a digital forensic examiner investigate? A digital forensic examiner may investigate any alleged wrongdoing that touches on the digital world. Nearly everyone possesses a mobile device. Sometimes, a person owns or uses multiple mobile devices and laptops and the traditional desktop. All of these sources have the ability to maintain a significant amount of information as it relates to the investigation. For example, I investigated a crime against a person where the victim was physically unable to communicate with the police. How does that become a crime that requires the use of a digital forensic examiner?
Well, in this case, she had maintained communication with the suspect of that crime via a website and instant messaging on her mobile device. While they did not directly have evidence relating to the crime being investigated, they had evidence about the relationship between the victim and the suspect. In the 21st century, almost any crime may have evidence stored in a digital format. Now, there are some crimes where someone will have used their computer as a tool to commit the crime, such as sending harassing emails, fraud and forgery, hacking, corporate espionage, or the trafficking of illicit images.
Your occupation will dictate your response to a situation; if you are law enforcement, you will have one set of procedures to follow, while if you are in the corporate world, you will have a different set of procedures to follow. While some processes may overlap in different fields, each one has its unique differences, which is what we will discuss next.