Let's learn the basics of Tkinter by creating a simple Hello World script for Tkinter by performing the following steps:

1. Create a new file in IDLE or your favorite editor, enter the following code, and save it as hello_tkinter.py:

"""Hello World application for Tkinter"""

from tkinter import *
from tkinter.ttk import *

root = Tk()
label = Label(root, text="Hello World")
label.pack()
root.mainloop()

2. Run this in IDLE by hitting F5 or in your terminal by typing the following command:

python3 hello_tkinter.py

You should see a very tiny window pop up with the text Hello World as shown in the following screenshot:

3. Close the window and return to your editor screen. Let's break down this code and talk about what it does:
   • from tkinter import *: This imports the Tkinter library into the global namespace. This isn't best practice, because it fills your namespace with a lot of classes, which you might accidentally overwrite, but it's okay for very small scripts.
   • from tkinter.ttk import *: This imports the ttk or themed Tk widget library. We'll be using this library throughout the book, as it adds a number of useful widgets and improves the look of existing widgets. Since we're doing the star import here, our Tk widgets will be replaced by the better-looking ttk widgets wherever applicable (for instance, our Label object).
   • root = Tk(): This creates our root or master application object. This represents the primary top-level window and main execution thread of the application, so there should be one and only one instance of Tk for every application.
   • label = Label(root, text="Hello World"): This creates a new Label object. As the name implies, a Label object is just a widget for displaying text (or images). Looking closer at this line, we see the following:
     • The first argument we pass to Label() is the parent or master widget. Tkinter widgets are arranged in a hierarchy starting with the root window, each widget being contained by another. Any time you create a widget, your first argument will be the widget object that contains the new widget. In this case, we're placing our Label object on the main application window.
     • The second argument is a keyword argument that specifies the text to be displayed on the Label object.
     • We store the new Label instance in a variable, label, so that we can do more to it later.
   • label.pack(): This places the new label widget onto its parent widget. In this case, we're using the pack() method, which is the simplest of three geometry manager methods you can use. We'll learn about these in more detail in future chapters.
   • root.mainloop(): This final line starts our main event loop. This loop is responsible for processing all the events—keystrokes, mouse clicks, and so on—and it will run until the program is quit. This is usually the last line of any Tkinter script, since any code after it won't run until the main window is closed.

Take a few moments and play around with this script by adding more widgets before the root.mainloop() call. You can add more Label objects or try  Button (which creates a clickable button) or Entry (which creates a text entry field). Just like Label, these widgets are initialized with a parent object (use root) and a text parameter. Don't forget to call pack() on your widget to add them to the window.

You can also try commenting out the ttk import, to see if you notice a difference in the look of the widgets. Depending on your OS, it may look different or not.

Creating a GUI the way we just did works okay for very small scripts, but a much more scalable approach is to subclass Tkinter widgets to create component widgets that we will then assemble into a completed application.

Let's build a more robust Hello World script that demonstrates some patterns we'll use throughout the remainder of the book. Take a look at the following steps:

1. Create a file called better_hello_tkinter.py and begin with the following lines:

"""A better Hello World for Tkinter"""
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import ttk

This time, we aren't doing the star imports; instead, we'll keep Tkinter and the ttk objects in their own namespaces. This keeps our global namespace from being cluttered up and eliminates a potential source of bugs.

2. Next, we create a new class called HelloView, as follows:

class HelloView(tk.Frame):
    """A friendly little module"""

    def __init__(self, parent, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(parent, *args, **kwargs)

Our class is subclassed from Tkinter.Frame. The Frame class is a generic Tk widget that is typically used as a container for other widgets. We can add any number of widgets to the Frame class, then treat the whole thing as though it were a single widget. This is a lot simpler in the long run than individually placing every last button, label, and input on a single master window. The first order of business in the constructor is to call super().__init__(). The super() function gives us a reference to the super class (the class we've subclassed, in this case, tk.Frame). By calling the super class constructor and passing along *args and **kwargs, our new HelloWidget class can take any arguments that Frame can take.

3. Next, we're going to create two Tkinter variable objects to store the name and greeting strings, as follows:

        self.name = tk.StringVar()
        self.hello_string = tk.StringVar()
        self.hello_string.set("Hello World")

Tkinter has a collection of variable types including StringVar, IntVar, DoubleVar, and BooleanVar. You might wonder why we'd use these when Python has perfectly good data types for all of these (and more!). Tkinter variables are more than just containers for data: they have special functionality that regular Python variables lack, such as the ability to automatically propagate changes to all the widgets that reference them or trigger an event when they're changed. Here we'll use them as a way to access the data in a widget without having to keep or pass around references to the widget itself.

Notice that setting a value to a Tkinter variable requires use of the set() method, rather than direct assignment. Likewise, retrieving the data requires use of a get() method. Here, we set the value of hello_string to Hello World. We start building our view by creating a Label object and Entry, as follows:

        name_label = ttk.Label(self, text="Name:")
        name_entry = ttk.Entry(self, textvariable=self.name)

The Label() invocation looks familiar, but the Entry object gets a new argument: textvariable. By passing a Tkinter StringVar variable to this argument, the contents of the Entry box will be bound to the variable, and we can access it without needing to reference the widget. Whenever a user enters text in the Entry object, self.name will immediately be updated wherever it appears.

4. Now, let's create Button, as follows:

        ch_button = ttk.Button(self, text="Change", 
            command=self.on_change)

In the preceding code, we again have a new argument, command, which takes a reference to a Python function or method. We call a function or method passed this way a callback, and, as you might expect, this callback will be called when the button is clicked. This is the simplest way to bind functions to a widget; later, we'll learn a more flexible method that will allow us to bind various keystrokes, mouse clicks, and other widget events to function or method calls.

5. Let's create another Label, as follows, this time to display our text:

        hello_label = ttk.Label(self, textvariable=self.hello_string,
            font=("TkDefaultFont", 64), wraplength=600)

Here we've passed our other StringVarvariable variable, self.hello_string to the textvariable argument; on a label, the textvariable variable determines what will be displayed. By doing this, we can change the text on the label by simply changing self.hello_string. We'll also set a much larger font by using the font argument, which takes a tuple in the format (font_name, font_size).

The wraplength argument specifies how wide the text can be before it wraps to the next line. We want our text to wrap when it reaches the edge of the window; by default, label text does not wrap, so it would be cut off at the edge of the window. By setting the wrap length to 600 pixels, our text will wrap at the width of the screen.

6. So far, our widgets have been created, but not yet placed on HelloView. Let's arrange our widgets as follows:

        name_label.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky=tk.W)
        name_entry.grid(row=0, column=1, sticky=(tk.W + tk.E))
                ch_button.grid(row=0, column=2, sticky=tk.E)
                hello_label.grid(row=1, column=0, columnspan=3)

In this case, we're adding our widgets using the grid() geometry manager, rather than the pack() geometry manager we used before. As the name implies, grid() allows us to position widgets on their parent object using rows and columns, much like a spreadsheet or HTML table. Our first three widgets are arranged across three columns in row 0, while hello_label will be on the second row (row 1). The sticky argument takes a cardinal direction (N, S, E, or W—you can either use strings or the Tkinter constants), which specifies which side of the cell the contents must stick to. You can add these together to stick the widget to multiple sides; for example, by sticking the name_entry widget to both the east and west sides, it will stretch to fill the whole width of the column. The grid() call  for hello_label uses the columnspan argument. As you might expect, this causes the widget to span three grid columns. Since our first row established three columns for the grid layout, we need to span all three if we want this widget to fill the width of the application. Finally, we'll finish the __init__() method by adjusting the grid configuration:

        self.columnconfigure(1, weight=1)

In the preceding code, the columnconfigure() method is used to make changes to a widget's grid columns. Here, we're telling it to weight column 1 (the second column) more than the others. By doing this, the second column of the grid (where our entry lives) will expand horizontally and squash surrounding columns to their minimum widths. There is also a rowconfigure() method for making similar changes to grid rows.

7. Before we finish our HelloModule class, we have to create the callback for ch_button, as follows:

def on_change(self):
    if self.name.get().strip():
        self.hello_string.set("Hello " + self.name.get())
    else:
        self.hello_string.set("Hello World")

To get the value of the text entry, we call the get() method of its text variable. If this variable contains any characters (notice we strip the white space), we'll set our hello text to greet the name entered; otherwise, we'll just greet the whole world.

8. With HelloView created, we move onto the actual application class, as follows:

class MyApplication(tk.Tk):
    """Hello World Main Application"""

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self.title("Hello Tkinter")
        self.geometry("800x600")
        self.resizable(width=False, height=False)

This time, we subclass Tk, which will represent our main application object. There is some debate in the Tkinter world whether or not this is best practice. Since there can be only one Tk object in the application, it could theoretically create problems if we want multiple MyApplication objects somewhere down the line; for simple, single-window applications, it's perfectly fine.

9. As with our module, we call super().__init__() and pass along any arguments. Notice we don't need a parent widget this time, since the Tk object is the root window and has no parent. Then there are the following three calls to configure our application window:

• self.title(): This call sets the window title, which usually appears in the task list and/or window bar in our OS environment.
• self.geometry(): This call sets the size of our window in pixels, in the format x * y (width x height).
• self.resizable(): This call sets whether the program window can be resized. We're disabling resizing here, both in width and height.

10. We finish our application class by adding our view to the main window, as follows:

        HelloView(self).grid(sticky=(tk.E + tk.W + tk.N + tk.S))
        self.columnconfigure(0, weight=1)

Notice that we create and place HelloView in a single line of code. We do this in situations where we don't need to keep a reference to the widget, but since grid() does not return a value, you'll have to stick to the two-statement version if you want to access the widget later in your code.

Because we want the view to fill the application window, our grid() call sticks it to all sides of its cell, and our columnconfigure() call causes the first column to expand. Note that we've omitted the row and column arguments without them, and grid() simply uses the first column of the next available row (in this case, 0, 0).

11. With our classes defined, we'll start the actual execution of the code, as follows:

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app = MyApplication()
    app.mainloop()

Remember that MyApplication is a subclass of Tk, so it acts as the root window. We only need to create it and then start its main loop. Take a look at the following screenshot:

This was certainly overkill for a Hello World application, but it demonstrates the use of subclassing to segment our application into modules, which will vastly simplify layouts and code organization as we build larger programs.