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Responsive Web Design with HTML5 and CSS3, Second Edition
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Entire books have, are being, and will be written about SVG (an abbreviation for scalable vector graphics). SVG is an important technology for responsive web design as it provides pin-sharp and future-proof graphical assets for all screen resolutions.
Images on the web, with formats such as JPEG, GIF, or PNG have their visual data saved as set pixels. If you save a graphic in any of those formats with a set width and height, and zoom the image to twice its original size or more, their limitations can be easily exposed.
Here's a screen grab of just that. A PNG image I've zoomed into in the browser:

Can you see how the image looks obviously pixelated? Here is the exact same image saved as a vector image, in SVG format, and zoomed to a similar level:

Hopefully the difference is obvious.
Beyond the smallest graphical assets, where at all possible, using SVG rather than JPEG, GIF, or PNG will produce resolution independent graphics...