To convert Hex colors to RGB, perform the following:

        function getRGB(hex) { 
          return "rgb(" + 
            parseInt(hex[1] + hex[2], 16) + ", " + 
            parseInt(hex[3] + hex[4], 16) + ", " + 
            parseInt(hex[5] + hex[6], 16) + ")"; 
        } 
        Testing: 
        > getRGB("#00ff00"); 
               "rgb(0, 255, 0)" 
        > getRGB("#badfad"); 
               "rgb(186, 223, 173)" 

One problem with this solution is that array access to strings like hex[0] is not in ECMAScript 3, although many browsers have supported it for a long time and is now described in ES5.

However, But at this point in the book, there was as yet no discussion of objects and methods. Otherwise an ES3-compatible solution would be to use one of the string methods, such as charAt(), substring(), or slice(). You can also use an array to avoid too much string concatenation:

    function getRGB2(hex) { 
      var result = []; 
      result.push(parseInt(hex.slice(1, 3), 16)); 
      result.push(parseInt(hex.slice(3, 5), 16)); 
      result.push(parseInt(hex.slice(5), 16)); 
      return "rgb(" + result.join(", ") + ")"; 
    } 

Bonus exercise: Rewrite the preceding function using a loop so you don't have to type parseInt() three times, but just once.

The result is as follows:

        > parseInt(1e1); 
        10 
        Here, you're parsing something that is already an integer: 
        > parseInt(10); 
        10 
        > 1e1; 
        10 

Here, the parsing of a string gives up on the first non-integer value. parseInt() doesn't understand exponential literals, it expects integer notation:

        > parseInt('1e1'); 
        1 

This is parsing the string '1e1' while expecting it to be in decimal notation, including exponential:

        > parseFloat('1e1'); 
        10 

The following is the code line and its output:

        > isFinite(0 / 10); 
        true 

Because 0/10 is 0 and 0 is finite.

The following is the code line and its output:

        > isFinite(20 / 0); 
        false 

Because division by 0 is Infinity:

        > 20 / 0; 
        Infinity 

The following is the code line and its output:

        > isNaN(parseInt(NaN)); 
        true 

Parsing the special NaN value is NaN.

What is the result of:

        var a = 1; 
        function f() { 
          function n() { 
            alert(a); 
          } 
          var a = 2; 
          n(); 
        } 
        f(); 

This snippet alerts 2 even though n() was defined before the assignment, a = 2. Inside the function n() you see the variable a that is in the same scope, and you access its most recent value at the time invocation of f() (and hence n()). Due to hoisting f() acts as if it was:

        function f() { 
          var a; 
          function n() { 
            alert(a); 
          } 
          a = 2; 
          n(); 
        } 

More interestingly, consider this code:

        var a = 1; 
        function f() { 
          function n() { 
            alert(a); 
          } 
          n(); 
          var a = 2; 
          n(); 
        } 
        f(); 

It alerts undefined and then 2. You might expect the first alert to say 1, but again due to variable hoisting, the declaration (not initialization) of a is moved to the top of the function. As if f() was:

        var a = 1; 
        function f() { 
          var a; // a is now undefined 
          function n() { 
            alert(a); 
          } 
          n(); // alert undefined 
          a = 2; 
          n(); // alert 2 
        } 
        f(); 

The local a "shadows" the global a, even if it's at the bottom.

Why all these alert "Boo!"

The following is the result of Example 1:

        var f = alert; 
        eval('f("Boo!")'); 

The following is the result of Example 2. You can assign a function to a different variable. So f() points to alert(). Evaluating this string is like doing:

        > f("Boo"); 

The following is the output after we execute eval():

        var e; 
        var f = alert; 
        eval('e=f')('Boo!'); 

The following is the output of Example 3. eval() returns the result on the evaluation. In this case it's an assignment e = f that also returns the new value of e. Like the following:

        > var a = 1; 
        > var b; 
        > var c = (b = a); 
        > c; 
        1 

So eval('e=f') gives you a pointer to alert() that is executed immediately with "Boo!".

The immediate (self-invoking) anonymous function returns a pointer to the function alert(), which is also immediately invoked with a parameter "Boo!":

        (function(){ 
          return alert; 
        })()('Boo!');