As mentioned, big data can be unstructured or semi-structured, with a high level of heterogeneity. The information expressed in these datasets is an essential factor in the process for supporting decision making. That is one of the reasons that heterogeneous data must be integrated and analyzed to present a unique view of information for many kinds of applications. This section addresses the problem of modeling and integrating heterogeneous data that originates from multiple heterogeneous sources in the context of cyber-infrastructure systems and big data platforms.
The growth of big data swaps the planning strategies from long-term thinking to short-term thinking, as the management of the city can be made more efficient. Healthcare systems are also reconstructed by the big data paradigm, as data is generated from sources...