Classes in Kotlin are created using the class keyword, which is depicted as follows:

class User {

}

The structure of the class is as follows:

Class className {
         //properties and constructor
         //member functions
}

Let's write a class for User.

Consider the following code for 14_Class.kts:

class User {
    var name = "George"
}

val user = User()
println(user.name) 

The output is as follows:

This class has a property called name. Classes are instantiated with just the class name, followed by parentheses. Note that there is no new keyword in Kotlin to create an object, unlike in Java.

Classes in Kotlin are final by default. We cannot extend from a class directly. To inherit from the classes, we have to open the classes explicitly. Classes need to have an open keyword in their declaration, as shown in the following code:

open class Person {

}

Alternatively, we can use all-open compiler plugins to make all the classes extendable or accessible to frameworks such as JPA and Spring. We will discuss compiler plugins further in the next chapter.

Constructors are used to initialize class properties. As in Java, a constructor is a special member function that is invoked when an object is instantiated. However, they work slightly different in Kotlin.

In Kotlin, there are two constructors:

• Primary constructor: This is a concise way to initialize the properties of a class
• Secondary constructor: This is where additional initialization logic goes

The primary constructor is part of the class header. Here's an example:

class User() {

}

The block of code surrounded by parentheses is the primary constructor. Consider the following code for 14a_PrimaryConstructor.kts:

class User(var firstName: String, var lastName: String) {

}

val user = User("Norman", "Lewis")
println("First Name= ${user.firstName}")
println("Last Name= ${user.lastName}")

The output is as follows:

The constructor goes here as part of the class header. The constructor declares two properties—firstName and lastName. Let's look at another example for 14b_PrimaryConstructor.kts:

class User(var firstName: String, val id: String) {

}
val user = User("Norman", "myId")
println("First Name = ${user.firstName}")
println("User Id = ${user.id}")

The output of the preceding code is as follows:

The secondary constructor is created using the constructor keyword. The class can declare a secondary constructor to initialize its properties. This is shown in the following code:

class AuditData {
    constructor(message: String) {
        //init logic
    }
    constructor(message: String, locale: String) {
        // init logic
    }
}

In the preceding code snippet, we wrote two constructors. One had a message as an argument and one had two arguments—message and locale. Consider the following code for 14c_SecondaryConstructor.kts:

var audit = AuditData("record added")
println("Message ${audit.message}")

audit = AuditData("record updated", "en-US")
println("Message: ${audit.message}")
println("Locale: ${audit.locale}")

When we call AuditData with only a message, the constructor with one argument will be invoked. Similarly, when we pass two arguments, a message and a locale, the constructor with two arguments will be invoked.

The output is as follows:

Static functions are functions that can be invoked without creating multiple instances of a class. Static functions avoid code duplication and can be reused.

Let's take a look at how to write a static function in Kotlin.

Consider the following code for 15a_StaticMethods.kts:

object MyUtil {
 fun foo(){
        println("Static function foo() is invoked")
    }
}

MyUtil.foo()

Note that we declared an object MyUtil and defined a function foo(). This is known as object declaration.

We invoked the function foo() directly using the object MyUtil.

The output of the preceding code is as follows:

There are different ways to write static functions in Kotlin. We can define a companion object inside a class and define a static function in it. Consider the following code for 15b_StaticMethods.kts:

class Person {
    companion object {
        fun foo(){
            println("Static function foo() is invoked")
        }
    }
}
Person.foo()

The output is as follows:

We can also give a name to the companion object. Consider the following code for 15c_StaticMethods.kts:

class Person {
    companion object Util {
        fun foo(){
            println("Static function foo() is invoked")
        }
    }
}
Person.Util.foo()

The output is as follows:

In this section, we have covered the constructs that Kotlin provides. We will be using these constructs in the next few chapters.